How Conservative Hollywood Became a Liberal Town

How Conservative Hollywood Became a Liberal Town While it might appear as if Hollywood has consistently been liberal, it hasn’t. Not very many individuals today understand that at one point in the improvement of American film, moderates controlled the film making industry. Santa Clause Monica College Professor Larry Ceplair, co-creator of The Inquisition in Hollywood, composed that during the ‘20s and ‘30s, most studio heads were preservationist Republicans who burned through a large number of dollars to square association and society arranging. In like manner, the International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees, the Moving Picture Machine Operators, and the Screen Actors Guild were completely headed by traditionalists, too. Outrages and Censorship In the mid 1920s, a progression of outrages shook Hollywood. As indicated by creators Kristin Thompson and David Bordwell, quiet film star Mary Pickford separated from her first spouse in 1921 with the goal that she could wed the appealing Douglas Fairbanks. Soon thereafter, Roscoe â€Å"Fatty† Arbuckle was blamed (however later absolved) of assaulting and killing a youthful on-screen character during a wild gathering. In 1922, after chief William Desmond Taylor was discovered killed, the open scholarly of his shocking relationships with some of Hollywood’s most popular on-screen characters. The issue that crosses over into intolerability came in 1923, when Wallace Reid, a toughly attractive entertainer, passed on of a morphine overdose. In themselves, these occurrences were a reason for sensation however taken together, studio managers stressed they would be blamed for advancing unethical behavior and extravagance. As it seemed to be, various dissent bunches had effectively campaigned Washington and the government was hoping to force control rules on the studios. Instead of losing control of their item and face the inclusion of the administration, the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of American (MPPDA) employed Warren Harding’s Republican postmaster general, Will Hays, to address the issue. The Hays Code In their book, Thompson and Bordwell state Hays spoke to the studios to expel frightful substance from their movies and in 1927, he gave them a rundown of material to maintain a strategic distance from, called the â€Å"Don’ts and Be Carefuls† list. It secured most extramarital perversion and the delineation of crime. By and by, by the mid 1930s, a considerable lot of the things on Hays’ list were being disregarded and with Democrats controlling Washington, it appeared to be almost certain than any time in recent memory that a restriction law would be actualized. In 1933, Hays pushed the film business to receive the Production Code, which unequivocally disallows delineations of wrongdoing strategy, sexual depravity. Movies that submit to the code got a seal of endorsement. Despite the fact that the â€Å"Hays Code,† as it came to be known helped the business keep away from stiffer restriction at the national level, it started to dissolve in the late 40s an d early ‘50s. The House Un-American Activities Committee Despite the fact that it was not viewed as un-American to feel for the Soviets during the 1930s or during World War II, when they were American partners, it was viewed as un-American when the war was finished. In 1947, Hollywood educated people who had been thoughtful to the socialist reason during those early years ended up being examined by the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) and interrogated regarding their â€Å"communist activities.† Ceplair brings up that the traditionalist Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals gave the panel names of purported subversives. Individuals from the union affirmed before the council as friendly† witnesses. Other â€Å"friendlies,†, for example, Jack Warner of Warner Bros. also, on-screen characters Gary Cooper, Ronald Reagan, and Robert Taylor either fingered others as â€Å"communists† or communicated worry over liberal substance in their contents. Following a four-year suspension of the advisory group finished in 1952, previous socialists and Soviet supporters, for example, on-screen characters Sterling Hayden and Edward G. Robinson kept themselves in the clear by naming others. A large portion of the individuals named were content journalists. Ten of them, who affirmed as â€Å"unfriendly† witnesses got known as the â€Å"Hollywood Ten† and were boycotted †viably finishing their professions. Ceplair noticed that following the hearings, societies, and associations cleansed dissidents, radicals, and liberals from their positions, and throughout the following 10 years, the shock gradually started to disseminate. Progressivism Seeps Into Hollywood Due to a limited extent to a reaction against manhandles executed by the House Un-American Activities Committee, and to some degree to a milestone Supreme Court administering in 1952 announcing movies to be a type of free discourse, Hollywood started to gradually change. By 1962, the Production Code was for all intents and purposes toothless. The recently shaped Motion Picture Association of America executed a rating framework, which despite everything stands today. In 1969, after the discharge of Easy Rider, coordinated by liberal-turned-conservative Dennis Hopper, counter-culture films started to show up in noteworthy numbers. By the mid-1970s, more established executives were resigning, and another age of movie producers was rising. By the late 1970s, Hollywood was straightforwardly and explicitly liberal. Subsequent to making his last movie in 1965, Hollywood chief John Ford recognized the inevitable. â€Å"Hollywood now is controlled by Wall St. what's more, Madison Ave., who request ‘Sex and Violence,’† writer Tag Gallagher cites him as writing in his book, â€Å"This is against my soul and religion.† Hollywood Today Things are very little unique today. In a 1992 letter to the New York Times, screenwriter and playwright Jonathan R. Reynoldsâ lamentâ that â€Å"†¦ Hollywood today is as fascistic toward traditionalists as the 1940s and 50s wereâ liberals †¦ And that goes for the motion pictures and TV programs produced.† It goes past Hollywood, as well, Reynolds contends. Indeed, even the New York theater network is uncontrolled with progressivism. â€Å"Any play that recommends that prejudice is a two-way road or that communism is debasing essentially wont be produced,† Reynolds composes. â€Å"I resist you to name any plays delivered over the most recent 10 years that insightfully uphold moderate thoughts. Make that 20 years.† The exercise Hollywood despite everything has not scholarly, he says, is that constraint of thoughts, paying little heed to political influence, â€Å"should not be widespread in the arts.† The foe is restraint itself.

Stalin the Myth Surrounding Stalin Essay Sample free essay sample

What does this starting state us about the imaginative action of fantasy environing Stalin? Krushchev on Stalin He contends that under Lenin was a â€Å"collectable leadership† with which they talked about political plan. Stalin was eager for power who stifled the individuals who might support their estimation. he didn’t tune in to the individuals and assaulted the individuals who upheld him. Utilizing the idea of â€Å"Enemy of the people† to warrant his activities. â€Å"It is evident that here Stalin appeared in an entire arrangement of occasions his narrow mindedness. his fierceness. furthermore, his abuse of power†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬  He respected Stalin who’s thought of guideline was a transcript of the first insurgency. He looks at Lenin to Stalin. â€Å"Here we see no intelligence yet just an introduction of the fierce power which had one time so frightened V. I. Lenin. † â€Å"Lenin utilized horrible strategies just in the most essential cases. at the point when the abusing classes were still in being and were astutely restricting the insurgency. We will compose a custom article test on Stalin the Myth Surrounding Stalin Essay Sample or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page at the point when the fight for endurance †¦ . † It is evident that the restraints were set up by Lenin after the insurgency. This is one of the legends that fuel musings about Stalin. Others give their situations about Stalin and their accounts of the said chronicles. Scott. makes premises about the purgings without grounds. he encountered autocracy preeminent manus. He proposes that the purgings were about the control of removal. using the paperss of the condemnable codification of the R. S. F. S. R †â€Å"Any activity is hostile †revolutionist which is coordinated towards the topple. subverting. or then again debilitating of the intensity of the laborers and peasants†¦ . † Scott was in no spot to cognize what they were doing. He contends that laborers had the option to use the ascent of the purgings to order heading of the plants. their higher-ups were placed in jail. Scott reviews that a few anxieties made possibility for cultural versatility and shows how the fears made dismay and fights. â€Å" Incidents of this sort. happened in grouped pieces of the Soviet Union and investigations of them in one signifier likely arrived at Stalin and different pioneers of the specialists. † â€Å"Many individuals acted by shunning obligation. † Triumph accepts that Stalin was to blame for the purgings. â€Å"Stalin actually requested. propelled and composed the activity. He got hebdomadal investigations of. as an ongoing Soviet article put it. He actually analyzed and marked. it is valid. simply the top †degree expire sentences† . From that makes reference to I can see Conquest has no grounds dependent on this. on the other hand he is adverting a Soviet article. he doesn’t state where the article originated from. Triumph doesn’t have any measurements over the expires however he holds with Scott and references that the frenzy was coordinated to the individuals of Russia. â€Å"By the focal point of 1938 he had slaughtered. or on the other hand had in jail prepared for executing. the incredible greater part of the Central commission. † This might be valid and corresponds with Scott’s rendition of occasions. Its a state of position rather than dependent on grounds and depends on his averments rather than reality. Suny makes reference to the purgings got away Stalin’s control. He gives depictions of what occurred in Magnitogorsk. â€Å" The purgings decimated essentially people with significant influence. It is one of the mysteries of Stalinism. † â€Å"There are among the contraption individual from the specialists or gathering arrangement. exorbitantly numerous previous individuals from the first Leninist party. † He was creating about how the Purges individuals who were looking to be viewed as revolutionists however wound up as tyrannical. â€Å"One of the impacts of the purgings was the supplanting of a more established political and monetary tip top with a more youthful. possibly increasingly faithful one.

How to Cite I Have a Dream

How to Cite I Have a Dream (4) One of the most iconic and prolific speeches ever delivered in US history is Dr. Martin Luther King’s I Have a Dream speech. On the steps of the Lincoln Memorial, in August of 1963, Dr. King spoke in front of a quarter of a million people during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. In a speech that lasted a total of 17 minutes, Dr. King shared his vision and desire for equal civil rights for African Americans. Millions of websites display a full transcript of Dr. King’s speech and YouTube views also rack up into the millions. With Martin Luther King Jr. Day upon us, it’s possible your teacher or professor asked you to use Dr. King’s famous speech in your work. If you’re unsure how to cite Dr. King’s speech, don’t worry, we’ve got you covered! Included on this page are instructions to cite Martin Luther King Jr.’s I Have a Dream speech in MLA format, APA format, and Chicago format. To cite a transcript of Dr. King’s I Have a Dream speech found online, you’ll need the following pieces of information: Speaker’s name or the name of the individual who posted the speech online Title of the speech Title of the website the speech is found on Publisher of the website Date the transcript was published Date the speech was delivered URL of the website the speech is found on Event the speech was delivered at Location of the event Remember, citations are created to help the reader find the exact source used. While there are numerous transcripts of Dr. King’s speech available online, your goal is to help the reader easily understand and locate the same exact source you used for your project. Why? This speech could appear differently on various sites. Structure to cite a transcript of I Have a Dream found online in MLA 8: Speaker’s Last name, First name. “Title of Speech.” Title of Website the speech is found on, Publisher of the Website (only include if it’s different than the name of the website), date the transcript was published, URL (remove http:// or https://). You’ll notice elements of an MLA website citation, but with additional information on the speaker. Here’s an example of how to cite a transcript of I Have a Dream found online in MLA 8: King, Martin Luther. “I Have a Dream by Martin Luther King, Jr; August 28, 1963.” The Avalon Project, Yale Law School, avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/mlk01.asp. Structure to cite a transcript of I Have a Dream found online in APA: Individual who posted the speech’s Last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year the transcript was published online). Title of webpage [Speech transcript]. URL Here’s an example of how to cite a transcript of I Have a Dream found online in APA citation format: Yale Law School. (2008). I have a dream by Martin Luther King, Jr; August 28, 1963 [Speech transcript]. http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/mlk01.asp Structure to cite a transcript of I Have a Dream found online in Chicago: Speaker’s Last name, First name Middle initial. “Title of speech.” Speech presented at Title of Event, Location, Date presented. URL. Here’s an example of how to cite a transcript of I Have a Dream found online in Chicago format: King, Martin L. “I Have a Dream.” Speech presented at the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, Washington, D.C., August 1968. http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/mlk01.asp. Trying to cite Dr. King’s speech from a YouTube or Vimeo video? Maybe you need a parenthetical citation definition? Or maybe you are trying to learn the basics. For all of the above, try our citation tools at easybib.com.

India growth in the next five years Essay Example Pdf - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2337 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Can India achieve 9% growth in the next five years? Can India achieve 9% growth in the next five years? This is the million dollar question in every Indian’s mind. It is not just about growing. Growing right and strong is the question because if we are able to grow in a right direction then lot of hurdles the Indian economy is facing can be altered towards a positive direction. If the GDP growth rate of our economy moves from the 4.6% to a 9%, then we have chances to improve whole lot of things including increment in job opportunities, consumption, investment, improved living standard and current government target of reducing poverty further. It also signals that there will be hell lot of opportunities for the government to collect tax revenues. The household savings will be directly available to the private sector without any intervention. When the liquidity flows towards the private sector become stronger and better, high growth becomes possible. Af ter achieving a phenomenal growth rate of more than 9 percent for three consecutive years between 2005-2006 and 2007-2008, alongside the instant recovery from the global stagnation of 2008-2009, the Indian economy has been going through a rough phase that culminated in sub-5 percent GDP Growth for the period 2012-2014. Such a dip in growth rates for two consecutive years was witnessed almost three decades ago in 1986-1988. This Indian trend is approximately in harmony with trends in other emerging economies, but more prominent. India’s growth dropped from 8.3% per annum during 2004-05 to 2011-12 to 4.6% in 2012-13 and 2013-2014. However this trend was seen in other emerging markets and developing economies including China whose average growth declined from 6.8 percent to 4.9 percent in this period. Apart from the slowdown in the growth, inflation appears to be another serious issue which is posing significant challenges to the Indian economic growth. Although average whole sale price index (WPI) inflation declined in 2013-2014 to 6 percent vis-Ã  -vis 8.9 percent in 2011-12 and 7.4 percent in 2012-2013, it is still above comfort levels. Major issues was seen regarding the WPI inflation in food articles that averaged 12.2 percent annually over five years ending 2013-2014 which is significantly higher than non-food inflation. Fortunately, the upward trend of inflation that played a significant role in the slowdown in growth, savings, investment, and consumption, appears to have moderated. It is quite relevant that in India the slowdown in growth and investment was accompanied by elevated levels of consumer price inflation. There is a serious need to address the food inflation in order to obtain a hold on the overall inflationary trend. Resolving supply side constraints through addressing the complex issues of the food markets could lay the foundation of the solution. One of the most feasible ways of increasing the growth rate is by increasing invest ments but we are lagging behind and are not able to deliver a growth rate of our potential. Simply saying, our investment is not up to the mark. The cost of capital remained high for most of the year as the uncertainty in global markets encouraged central banks to keep the stance of monetary policy tight, in turn discouraging investments. The daunting task that Indian Economy faces today is of generating employment and growth. Jobs get created when firms invest and grow. Hence, it is important to create an environment that is conductive for the firms to invest. Gross fixed capital formation declined from the growth of 17.49% in 2006-2007 to 3.2 percent in 2012-13. Difficulties in obtaining clearances and raw material supplies and of financing brought numerous investment projects to a halt. Difficulties in contracting and providing clearances on time and the lack of a framework to shut down, sell off, or withdraw from projects created further difficulties. Furthermore, the NPAs of the bank are another headache. On one hand we are saying investment is very necessary to pull the trigger but where is the trigger? Fresh NPA of PSBs increased to 3.6% in 2013-2014 as against 3.1% in 2012-13 leading to increase in Gross NPA to 4.4% as on March 31, 2014 from just 3.6% the previous year. Infrastructure sector accounted around one-third of the total industrial credit and the major issues underlying this is that the NPA ratio for infrastructure sector is showing the rising trend during this period. In this context, there are huge doubts whether the promises made by the new government in terms of public private partnership would be a reality one day. We only started PPP model after reforms were ushered in 1991. From 1991 to 2006, hardly any progress were made in PPP models, we witnessed only few improvement in roads and urban development that too in primarily at state level. From 2006-2014 we saw some improvements though it’s not very encouraging, it is the only good we have. Only 758 projects worth Rs. 383300 crores have started under the PPP model in India so far. Main deterrents have been the absence of regulatory authority for PPPs, the commissioning authorities often do not have full clarity about timelines and targets associated with the projects, and private sector dependence on the cash trapped banks is probably the biggest hurdle in the process. Another big hole in the economy is that the entire savings of households which is around 30% of GDP are not effectively channelized for investments. The reasons is that our fixed deposits rate for many important years have remained under the inflation rate faced by households; that make it extremely attractive for the households to pack their savings into physical products rather non-financial products like gold or may be real-estate for the time being. These kind of physical savings accounted for about 68% in FY 2013. This gives alarming signals that large portion of Indian households s avings may not be properly channelized toward private sectors investors. It results toward lower investment appetite in the investors. To channelize the household saving towards the financial sector the rates have to be increase or there should be improvement in the inflation rate so that the interest rate are well above the inflation rate but increasing the interest rate would lead to increase in the lending rate too. This will further kill the little appetite they have regarding the investment. So, the solution lies in improving the inflation rate rather than increasing the interest rate. There aren’t much of problem in the demand side of the economy. The major problem lies in the supply side. To improve the supply side problem we need a huge long term investments in infrastructure. For this, we need large sum of money and that is the scary part because we are depended on the bank for the credit but the high interest rate and bank itself suffering from the huge amount of NPAs left us with no way. The flow of credit have almost stopped, there is no any investment appetite in investors. This also asks for the huge improvement in the subsidies. The government has got the political majority, now it is the time to complete their duties because they have lot of economic compulsion to deliver on account of the subsides. There has been 2.4% increment in the subsidies as compare to last fiscal which stood at 251397crores. Subsidies account for almost 19% of the expenses which is a huge amount when growth is hovering below 5%. A reduction of Rs 50000 crore on subsidy account would have helped to reign in the revenue deficit at 2.5% offering significant benefits to the account. To emphasize on, only a sustained reduction in the inflation rate will help the households to channelize their saving into the deposits. Similarly another part of the story is the Current account deficit. Though, the economy has seen improvement in the current account deficit which is standing at around 1.7% in 2014 ending. It has given some relief in terms of appreciating rupee but however taper talks moving like a rampant we can expect some further increment in the current account deficit when tapering actually starts. Furthermore, if we see the foreign inflows in the country it has been in terms of FII i.e. more like a portfolio type rather than the proper FDI. There are no any major FDI inflows in the country. The decision to increase the FDI limits from 26% to 49% in insurance and defense sectors are welcomed by many but its results are yet to be seen. Again increasing the limit from 26% to 49% wouldn’t make a huge difference until and unless the increment is up to 51% because there is a huge difference in right given to the foreign company in 51% as compare to 49%. So we can say that no major foreign companies will be lured to operate in India. Again, the Modi Government has not specifically mentioned the route via which the fund will be channeliz ed into the country. We just have a figure rather number but how the number will be implemented? We don’t have the answer. Again, the Modi government must liberalized the way the defense sector transactions are treated so that investors feel there is something really attractive to invest in the defense sector. Another major issue hindering the growth of the economy in India is the governance issue. India has the huge capacity and tremendous opportunity but for this best practices and good governance is of utmost important. If we had showed good governance then the Indian growth story has been completely different and probably our levels of growth would have been livelier. India has faced many criticism of ICOR being high, which indicates there is a governance issue due to which huge volume of money is required to create just appreciable level of growth. In the middle of slowing down investments, many scams, allegations of corruption and black money and discrepancies in the allocation of natural resources are playing their part to cut the growth rate to below 5%. The Modi government seems to be very crucial in maintaining good governance. They have successfully implemented the Gujarat Model cutting down the bureaucracy, and this act is needed to be implemented in the center as well. There has been some impressive move already in terms of unification of power and coal ministry successfully. Other issue like proper guidelines on PPP route i.e. from where the funds will be generated, the proper entry and exit procedure and proper guidelines in terms of the timeline should be specified. Similarly, urea reform, GST, PDS reform, subsidy issues and cracking the hoarders and middle man is of utmost important. To summarize, reviving investment is very essential for growth of employment and income. That is the only way an economy can move on the growth trajectory. It requires three faceted approaches that will turn the face of Indian economy extensive growth prospects. The moral of the story is there should be low inflation in the country with proper monetary policy in placed, fiscal consolidation should be the major focus area no matter what, and last but not the least improvement in the food market is very important to improve the supply side hurdle. Second could be putting fiscal policies on track through tax and expenditure reforms by putting public finances on sustainable path. Tax reforms in the form of GST, DTC is very important to achieve the desirable growth rate at the moment, basically we need more predictable tax administration. Thirdly, expenditure reforms must focus on designing new subsidy program and good mechanisms for accountability. Capacity must be created at the state level to address market failures by repealing the old legacy laws and removing structural constraints. The emphasis have to remain on fiscal consolidation but on a sustained manner being too optimistic and accepting challenges without any proper base won’t do any good for the economy. The reversion to growth rate of around 8-9% can only occur if everything is in place. We can’t firmly say the growth will be 9% or not because previous governments have left us with many dark spot that will require time to heal. There are many factors that will govern the growth rate of India as the economy is globalized and many international events will have the huge impact upon the Indian economy. We can think of a 5 year period within which all the policy constraints are in place, there are no any loop holes followed by well-placed reforms and period within which the Indian economy has fully absorbed the new environment in terms of the new government, new policy measures and achieved an expected growth rate. Similarly, the focus of new policy should be on structural reforms to improve the supply-side constraints. Revival of Investment is of utmost important for accelerating the growth rate of the economy. In addition to this si mplification of tax policy and administration is the need of the hour. An atmosphere of policy certainty, continuity and transparency will help boost business sentiments further. There should be a proper mechanism to check the fiscal deficit and maintaining the CAD within the range of 2-2.5 percent can give us the huge boost in the growth trajectory, though we have already achieve the 1.7% of the CAD , consistency of those will play the part in the future. Another daunting problem faced by the Indian economy is in terms of the Inflation. A well measured step to reduce the inflation rate to 6% will allow the RBI to come up with more dynamic monetary policy that will help the Indian economy to face the external challenges effectively. To sum up, the growth rate of 9% is achievable provided everything is in place but as we all know that today the world economy have globalized and have become interdependent. So we can’t be sure about the exact growth rate but we can be sure that India will be in the growth trajectory and we can expect lot of things to improve in the coming years not just the sentiments in the market. The loop holes in the policy, the governance issues and hell lot of other issues which were not addressed during the UPA 1 and 2 will be address in the New government regime and can expect acche din to come!!. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "India growth in the next five years Essay Example Pdf" essay for you Create order

High Stakes Testing Essay - 1205 Words

High Stakes Testing Albert Einstein once stated, â€Å"not everything that counts can be counted and not everything that can be counted counts.† High-stakes testing attempts to determine the knowledge a person has obtained throughout grades K-12. These standardized tests are being used to judge a person’s ability to graduate from high school and also judge if a child has enough knowledge to proceed to the next grade level. Throughout this paper, I will be discussing how these tests do not accurately portray one’s intelligence, how they have increased drop out rates, and also show the damaging psychological affects they have had. High stakes testing does not accurately determine a student’s intelligence. In 1999, the National†¦show more content†¦This study also stated that, â€Å"every standardized test has a certain â€Å"error of measurement† which means that a given score could actually be off by several points in either direction. High stakes, however, have single scores as the cut-off point. Those scores do not account for the inaccuracies that all test publishers acknowledge†(azstandards). There have been many studies in which students take the same test on different days, and their score varies greatly. High stakes testing does not give any consideration to these errors. High stakes testing increases drop out rates. Texas adopted a test much like the AIMS in the 1990-91 school year. TAAS (Texas Assessment of Academic Skills) testing has produced a very astounding number of minority dropouts. The Arizona Standards study states that there has been a 30% increase in dropouts among Hispanic and African-American students (azstandards). Walt Haney, who wrote an article on the effects of the TAAS test, claims that, â€Å"a convergence of evidence indicates that during the 1990s, slightly less than 70% of students in Texas actually graduated from high school†(http://www.epaa.asu.edu/epaa/v8n41). The Alliance for Childhood organization discussed how, â€Å"there is growing evidence that the pressure and anxiety associated with high-stakes testing is unhealthy for children...and may undermine the development of positive social relationships and attitudes towards school andShow MoreRelatedBenefits And Backlashes Of High Stakes Testing890 Words    |  4 PagesThe Benefits and Backlashes of High-Stakes Testing What if the determining factor of whether or not you would be successful or a failure in life was solely based on the results of one test. Regardless of all the progress you have accomplished over your life, it all comes down to this big moment, the big test! That is the reality many students face annually due to high-stakes testing. High-stakes testing is the use of a summative test or an assessment to make decisions that are of prominent educationalRead MoreEssay about High Stakes Testing1323 Words   |  6 PagesHigh Stakes Testing In 1997, President Bill Clinton stated that the United States needed, â€Å" a national crusade for education standards - not federal government standards, but national standards, representing what all our students must know to succeed in the knowledge economy of the twenty-first century†(http://books.nap.edu/books/0309062802/html/13.html). The way to succeed in this journey is through standardized testing that results in consequences for teachers and students. ThroughoutRead MoreHigh Stakes Testing And Statewide Standards1159 Words   |  5 Pages High-stakes testing and statewide standards The Department of Education concludes that high-stakes testing and statewide standards puts too strain on both the teacher and student. Multiple studies show evidence of miscalculation of scores, teachers being blamed for low test score, and too much time spent on preparation for the tests. The purpose of this policy brief is to elaborate on the non-beneficial components of high-stakes testing and statewide standards. Thus, peer-reviewed research articlesRead MoreHigh Stakes Testing Is An Educational Strategy976 Words   |  4 PagesHigh-stakes testing is an educational strategy that affects students, teachers, and society as a whole. The topic of high-stakes testing has been supported and discredited by many educators, politicians, and citizens. Nationally, schools are using high-stakes testing for a variety of reasons. The American Educational Research Association discussed high-stakes testing and issued a statement that read: Many states and school districts mandate testing programs to gather data about student achievementRead MoreHigh-Stakes Testing in American Schools Essay1548 Words   |  7 Pagesadministering high-stakes tests. High-stakes testing is scrutinized all the time, since some believe it is the only indicator of tracking students and teachers. They seemed to have been ridiculed by many and favored by few; nonetheless there are significant disparities in the public’s and government’s opinion. According to Dunne (2000), â€Å"Tests arent just tests anymore -- at least not high-stakes tests, which are being used in some states to determine which students stay back a grade, which high schoolRead MoreHigh Stakes Testing And The Turn Is Not Well Received1152 Words   |  5 Pagesstandardized tests. There are many defining factors and elements that are articulated in the realm of standardized testing. Some of these factors are academic shift from learning to accountability in learning, test data, the problems that plague education and schools related to standardized tests, and the possible solutions for them. Education has gone from standardized testing to high stakes testing and the turn is not well received. A standardized test is defined by, â€Å"The Glossary of Education Reform†Read MoreHigh-Stakes Testing, the Standardized Classroom, and the Marginalization of Multicultural Education1817 Words   |  8 Pagesto work together to solve the world’s problems.† These statements by James A. Banks have made a profound impact on my view towards multicultural education and the nation’s current trend of standardization and high-stakes testing. Scholarly research shows that the emphasis placed on testing and standards, mandated by the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act, is causing teachers to focus entirely on basic skills in reading, writing, and math (Banks Banks, 2010). This focus on basic skills is takingRead MoreArticle Analysis: The Four Effects of the High-STakes Testing Movement on African American K-12 Students781 Words   |  3 PagesEffects of the High-Stakes Testing Movement on African American K-12 Students discusses four ways in which high-stakes tes ting has harmed African American students in particular and recommendations for improving their school experiences. Standardized tests have become the main criteria to which student’s knowledge, teacher efficacy, and school quality are assessed due to No Child Left Behind. The authors discuss that one way African Americans have been harmed through high-stakes testing and standardizedRead MoreThe Potential Impacts of Upcoming High-Stakes Testing on the Teaching of Science in Elementary Classrooms-Research Article Critique1250 Words   |  5 Pagesto indicate teachers’ perceptions and concerns about the high-stakes standardized science testing being implemented in the elementary school. Data of a qualitative nature was collected through surveys. Data about previous standardized testing instruments used in the district and a rationale and brief history of the teaching of science in the district was presented first. A significant amount of primary research regarding standardized testing, test preparation activities, science teaching methodsRead MoreHigh Stakes Testing Essay1830 Words   |  8 PagesWithout Relying on High-Stakes Testing The names are familiar to most parents: No Child Left Behind, Common Core State Standards, Race to the Top. These initiatives and others signify the importance of education in the United States and the many ways in which the standards have been set throughout the last couple of decades. The early childhood education community has felt the pressure to meet benchmarks set forth by these initiatives just as much as elementary, middle school, and high school teachers

Child Development †Case Study Free Essays

Child Development – Case studies Mrs Roberts is returning to work after maternity leave. Today she has an appointment with a local nursery as she requires full time care for Timothy who is six months old. Mrs Roberts is extremely anxious as Timothy is her first born and she is feeling guilty about returning to work and leaving him in childcare. We will write a custom essay sample on Child Development – Case Study or any similar topic only for you Order Now How will you ensure that Mrs Roberts and timothy are reassured? Explain the daily nursery routines to Mrs Roberts such as play sessions, toilet, and food. Give her the Policy Procedures booklet and ask questions about Timothy – likes, dislikes, special requirements. Be reassuring and understanding with regard to her apprehensions and explain that good communication between the nursery, parents and child are essential. Maybe suggest that she could stay for a while in the first few sessions to reassure her about how Timothy is handling the transition. How could their situation affect practice? You must be wary of the other children at the nursery – how may they react to a parent staying? Set a length of time that she could stay and suggest for only 3 sessions initially. All Staff must be made aware of the situation and confidentiality be adhered to. Today is Bethany’s first day at pre-school. Bethany who is an only child has attended for short spells with her mother which went well. Bethany has woke up this morning with a tummy ache, her mother suspects it is related to going to pre- school and reassures her daughter. When Bethany arrives at pre- school she becomes very clingy to mum and when mum goes to leave she starts to cry and gets upset. How will you deal with the situation? Reassure mum and Bethany. Be friendly and engage the child in funny conversation and/or involve them in play. Identify her favourite thing to do – distraction point. How will you reassure mum? Explain to mum that ‘Bethany will be fine’ and if there are any problems they will contact her. How will you reassure Bethany? Explain that ‘She will see mummy later’, show her the clock/time line and show when mummy will be back. Introduce her to some other children – meet a friend and distract with play, keep her busy. Rosie and Jim are 4 year old twins today they will be staring primary school, the twins will be doing mornings for a week before going all day, their parents have decided to split the twins at school so that they can develop as individuals. The twins wake up very excited about going to school which pleases their parents, however when they arrive at school they become agitated and upset when they realise that they are in different classes. How are you going to reassure the twins? Explain to them the day’s routine and show them a time line, pointing out when the twins will be together – break times, story time, end of day. Encourage them to meet new people and play with different things. How are you going to reassure the parents? Explain to them the day’s routine and tell them when the twins will be together – break times etc. Ensure that the parents are given positive feedback. What contingency plan could you have in place? Ensure that the twins will be together at least once a day. Show both twins where the other one is – classroom. Put a ‘buddy’ with them both – so they always have someone. Worst case – put them in the same class! by Jo Quinn How to cite Child Development – Case Study, Free Case study samples

Why Accountability Formation Is Important free essay sample

Why Accountability Formations Are Important This one thousand word essay that I am writing today is to explain what the importance of accountability formation is. Accountability formation is held every duty day to ensure the safty and well being of all personell within the company or battalion. Accountability starts, at most times, at 0630 hrs for physical training. During this time the First Sgt accounts for the safty and well being of his NCOs who in turn account for the safty and well being of their soldiers.If a soldiers or NCO does not arrive for 0630 formation then every attempt must be made to conntact the missing soldier or NCO. Another formation is then held at 0930 and everyone is once again accounted for on a platoon level. This formation is held not only for accountability but also to assign details to everyone in the unit, put out information about training, future details or tasks that need to be accomplished by COB. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Accountability Formation Is Important or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Tasks come down from battalion to be accomplished and must be accomplished in a timely manner.The same applies to any training that comes down from battalion, the unit must meet their training requirements. These accountability formations are also important because it lets the commander of the unit know how many personnel are avaliable to perform any tasks that come down or for any missions that need to be completed. This is important information because if some one is already assigned to a detail or mission they do not need to be double tapped, this alone could cause issues. The same applies to any soldiers or NCOs that have appointments.You do not want to double tap a soldier or NCO who is booked with appointments. You do not know what the importance of these appoints and there for should not make it hard on that soldier or NCO to meet their appointment. Also is a leader does not know how many people he or she may have then they do not know who is avaliable to complete tasks and or missions. Equipment is also to be accounted for to ensure the readiness of the unit. It is also mandatory to account for the equipment so as to insure that the enemy is not getting ahold of the equipment. All unites have a certain level of readiness that they must meet.It is especially important to account for equipment and personnel during times of deployment. You must be completely ready to deploy when the time comes to ensure that you are ready as a unit for any and all missions that you must accomplish down range. Everything must be accounted for every day at all times. Any food, ammo, personnel, vehicles, fuel. All of these things must be account. The chain of command reports up to battalion to let them know the numbers and readiness of the unit. The unit must be completely ready at all times because you never know when orders will drop to be deployed.

School Privatization Essays - Organizational Theory, Administration

School Privatization Our society, as a whole, has been heading toward a decentralized system of conducting its affairs. Large corporations have been getting larger , meanwhile governments have been giving up increasing amounts of their control. This decentralization has affected even former mainstays of government control, such as phone and power companies. As decentralization becomes more of a reality, there has been a great deal of debate over what controls the government should maintain or relinquish. The public school system has long been a source of frustration. Many feel the schools would be run more efficiently and with better results if privately run companies were to take over. They feel that with the existing large, encumbering bureaucracy, the government is simply unable to provide the proper base that is necessary to support a successful school system. The proponents of privatized school systems have long maintained that governments are not as knowledgeable about individual school environments as those who and they have to manage many schools, whereas the owners of a specific private subsidized school would be well informed about the school's circumstances and can concentrate on that school alone. They say that the governments role should become that of regulator, not schoolmaster, and that since the private schools do not face the political constraints that the municipal governments face,they would be more able to adapt to change. Since the operation of public schools is more bureaucratic and centralized than private subsidized schools, it is expected to inhibit rather than promote educational innovation. Private schools, being less bureaucratic and more decentralized, are expected to be more efficient organizations and to have a better perspective than their public school counterparts. They are also expected to provide a greater incentive and opportunity to come up with more innovative programs than public schools in order to stay competitive. Bureaucracy is expected to hinder initiative and efficiency, whereas the private sector in general is expected to be more dynamic and responsive because of their need to stay competitive. It is hoped that this competitiveness will foster innovation. On the other side of the debate is the group that favors continued government control over the school system. They argue that privatizing the schools would lead to a decreased focus on the needs of the children with an increased emphasis placed on the bottom line. They maintain that the companies taking over for the government would focus their attention more on cutting corners to make larger profits rather than on the education of children. With continued government control over the school system, there will remain a stability that is necessary to insure a full and equal educational opportunity for all. Having the education system privatized would create inequalities in the method that education would be provided. Those who oppose privatization agree that not only would municipal control maintain stability, but would also ensure fair and equal teatment for all. The same would not hold true if the schools were placed in private hands. Schools that do not make a profit along with teachers that are no longer needed would simply let go in order to save money or maintain profits. I can see that there are several benefits on both sides. The economic benefits are obviously in favor of a decentralized school structure. There be no bureaucracy to wade through to make the simplest decisions, in the system would allow teachers to make important ground level decisions as they see fit. This increased efficiency includes many benefits, but with what cost? What about the special needs children, or the under privileged, will the private companies take care of them? What happens when these companies don't make enough money on a school, will they close it down? The children whose schools have been closed will have to travel further and further just to get to school, if they even go. Maybe there should just be mega-schools were ten schools are combined into one, all to save the managing company money. With government control, there may not be efficiency but there is some stability. That is the important thing. Companies can open and close their doors in a day, but schools are more important than companies. Education is the key to our futures, can we afford to gamble with what is a stake? The government must become more efficient at doing its job in managing our schools, and business has proven itself to be efficient. Maybe there is a way to combine the two and receive the best of both worlds.

The Connotations of 30 Synonyms for Cheat and Fool

The Connotations of 30 Synonyms for Cheat and Fool The Connotations of 30 Synonyms for Cheat and Fool The Connotations of 30 Synonyms for Cheat and Fool By Mark Nichol Numerous terms, many of them derived from colorful underworld slang, exist to refer to the action of cheating or fooling someone. This post describes the connotation inherent in some of these words and phrases. 1–2. The implication of the nonsense words bamboozle and hornswoggle is that the perpetrator sets out to confuse the mark, or victim. 3. Beguile suggests that the mark is lulled into a false sense of security. 4. Bluff implies that the perpetrator is boasting or making false claims, as someone would to gain an advantage in a card game. 5. Buffalo alludes to the stolid strength of an animal, appropriate to refer to the perpetrator’s efforts to overcome the mark’s caution or reluctance by sheer determination. 6–7. Bleed suggests slowly draining the mark of his or her wealth; squeeze has the same implication. 8. Burn implies that the mark has been damaged by the perpetrator, as if exposed to flame. 9. Chisel suggests that the perpetrator is whittling away at the mark’s defenses to achieve the desired outcome. 10. Con, a truncation of confidence, alludes to the perpetrator’s efforts to gain the mark’s trust so that the person is vulnerable to the persuasion necessary to cheat him or her. 11. Cozen suggests coaxing or trickery. 12. Euchre refers to the act of preventing someone from winning in the game of that name and, by extension, means â€Å"cheat† or, because the game rounds are called tricks, â€Å"trick.† 13–14. Fleece and skin allude to the idea of being deprived of one’s protection. 15. The origins of gaff are obscure, but the word was once slang for a music hall or theater, so the implication may allude to the deceitful promise of an entertainment that was falsely advertised as being worth the admission price. 16–17. Game- and gammon, perhaps derived in Middle English from game- connote both the playful and strategic aspects of cheating, as if the perpetrator is not only toying with the mark but has also carefully planned the ruse. 18. Gyp derives from the widespread association of the nomadic Romani people, long called gypsies (from the mistaken belief that they originated in Egypt, though the ethnic origins of the Romani are in India), with deceitfulness and thievery. (The terms are now widely considered offensive.) 19. Hoodwink originally meant â€Å"blindfold,† so the connotation is of the perpetrator blinding the mark about the truth. 20. Hoax implies an elaborate scheme to persuade the mark that something false is true. 21. Hustle conjures an image of someone being pushed and prodded along toward an outcome advantageous to the perpetrator and detrimental to the mark. 22. Juggle suggests manipulating the mark by constantly keeping him or her off balance as if the mark were being thrown about without a chance to ground himself or herself. 23. Mulct originally meant â€Å"fine,† but its meaning was extended to â€Å"defraud.† 24. Shortchange refers to the literal act of giving someone less money than he or she is owed. 25. Snooker may come from the name of the variation of the game of pool, perhaps from the notion that the mark is tricked into betting that he or she can defeat the perpetrator. 26. Snow compares the perpetrator’s effort to the blinding quality of a snowstorm, preventing the mark from seeing the trick. 27–28. Stick and sting, like burn, allude to the pain that the deception causes the mark. 29. â€Å"String along† implies that the mark is being led to perform an action that will be to his or her detriment. The perpetrator figurative pulls the mark along, but not so heavy-handedly that the mark is dragged; the suggestion is that the leading occurs subtly, little by little, encouraging the mark to do what the perpetrator wants of his or her own volition, with a minimum of provocation. 30. Swindle, which comes from a German word meaning â€Å"dizzy,† connotes disorientation of the mark. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Redundant Phrases to Avoid50 Diminutive Suffixes (and a Cute Little Prefix)Bail Out vs. Bale Out

Individual projects- movie review or consumption Journal Essay

Individual projects- movie review or consumption Journal - Essay Example The film reaches two important conclusions. First, it will take a lot of time and effort to come out of the energy crisis. The problem can not be solved quickly. Secondly, people doing their bit on individual level would hardly ever manage to make any difference. In order to take solid steps towards the solution of this problem, collective effort needs to be made on national as well as international level. Survival is only possible if Earth contains sufficient resources to meet the needs of humans. In order to make sure it does, we had better become serious! I like that images in this movie have been chosen to intensify the alarming mood of the movie. While talking of massive fuel consumption, the clip shows dial machine with numbers rolling up too fast to be readable followed by a picture of the roads crowded with traffic. What I don’t like about the movie is that occasionally, voice of the speaker merges with the background effects and the audience can not clearly listen. I disagree with the statement made in the movie that â€Å"no amount of solar or wind or even nuclear is gonna allow us to continue living this way of life† (â€Å"The End of Suburbia†). I disagree with this statement for two reasons.

Reasons behind the Financial Crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reasons behind the Financial Crisis - Essay Example Still on torts, directors can be held liable due to their subordinates both beneficial and non-beneficial. The financial crisis is fostered by inept decision making poor planning and general laxity in troubleshooting. These problems accrue from middle management personnel, but a director is liable (Berlatsky 3). Directors can be held liable for breaching fiduciary duty to the corporations they run. This situation arises when a director tries to avoid conflict of interest such that, through their actions or omissions, they are doing an injustice to the corporation. An example is when directors knowingly enter into contracts that are financially inappropriate for their companies. The directors view their personal interests in the contract to be of greater value. Most directors have a tendency to act outside their authority in regard to letters patent and other corporate governing documents. Such decisions result in misappropriation of company resources, poor investment decisions and an inevitable financial crisis (Berlatsky 34). Directors are also liable for Risk Management in regard to the investments made by the company. However, this liability extends even more to the Gate keepers. Gatekeepers include lawyers, accountants and investment bankers. This group of professionals plays a significant role in advising the directors on what ventures they should and should not undertake. The first group is the accountants. An accountant’s failure to comprehensively account for the acquisition and use of financial assets, therefore, is equal to the failure of the company. Investment bankers should transparently render their advice on which ventures are more profitable than the others. Most investment bankers lack transparency owing to their self serving motives this led to increased debt burden or over-leveraging. Another crucial batch of professionals is the lawyers. Their work should be to ascertain the legal financial implications made by a director and in exten t the company they represent. These professions collectively failed to render their services effectively and with efficiency. They also did not uphold integrity especially in regard to safeguarding company assets. Finally, they did not comply with the law especially in light of contract procurement (Hamdani & Olin 56). The most eminent failure of internal and external auditors is fraud. Auditors are the main whistle blowers in regards to a corporation’s failure and success despite how minimal. In the event that they turn a blind eye to illegal, inappropriate activities of a company in managing and investing finances the result will be a financial crisis (Hamdani & Olin 78). Notable failures of credit rating agencies are apparent in the following three areas: Ratings methodologies: in this case, most of the credit rating agencies did not follow the recommended rating methodologies. There are also reports of the ratings leaking to interested parties before publish which is surm ountable to fraud. This unfair rating systems contributed to the great number of poor financial decisions made that led to the financial crisis. Fiduciary legislation: managing conflicts of interest: the agencies do not have clear cut policies to manage cases of conflict of interest. This is especially notable in instances where the issuer holds large shares in the firm. Timely, accurate disclosures: credit rating agencies are slow to disclose errors and fix them especially in reg

Improve Personal And Professional Development Skills Information Technology Essay

Improve Personal And Professional Development Skills Information Technology Essay The purpose of this report is to identify the personal development skill as well as professional development skill to the extent of understanding the ways to get better idea about those and then do a personal audit which finally refers to make a plan for personal development for next year. Every organization has a goal to achieve. To achieve that goal organization identifies its target area where the potential problem may arise and can be solved and the training and workshop required developing the skill of the employee. Among those area Human resources is the most important part. To improve that resources organization attempts various program attributable to improve the professional development skill which could effectively give effort to the organization in line with the achievement of the organizational goal. Task-1 1.1. METHODS to improve personal and professional development skills Personal development is the process of improving ones self-knowledge; develop the potentiality of certain areas, building the capability and quality. As Bob Aubrey said, Personal development  refers to activities that improve self-knowledge and identity, develop talents and potential, build human capital and employability, enhance quality of life and contribute to the realization of dreams and aspirations. Professional development is referred to develop the personal and career skills where the person could effectively provide his/her knowledge to the organization. As described by Speck, M. Knipe, Professional development has been described as intensive and collaborative, ideally incorporating an evaluative stage 1.2 Differences between counseling and mentoring Counseling refers to the process of setting by a counselor with a person to help the persons in particular problem or overall development of attitude and behavior. Counseling basically helps an individual to get their problems identified, solve them in pro-active manner and improve their overall skill way better than before. While saying about counseling Gladding Samuel T said, Counseling emphasizes growth as well as remediation. In an organization counseling helps the employee to identify their problems and solve them. In the organization counseling may deal with its internal skills development like performance appraisal, handling employee grievances, disciplinary procedures, coaching and so on. And deal with external areas such as, conflict resolution, dispute resolution, Mediation, etc. Counseling should be looked upon in terms of the amount of direction that the counselor gives the counselee.   This direction ranges from full direction  (directive counseling)  to  no direction (nondirective   Ã‚  counseling)(source: www.tpub.com) Directive counseling refers to the process of listening to the proper problem, getting knowledge of the problem of a member; refer the member to potential solving and lastly encouraging the member to solve it. This types of counseling encompasses advice, help to releases emotional activities and thinking. Non-directive counseling refers to; listen to the counselee, help him or her to identify the problem and sort out the proper course of action. Mentoring is the process and technique of sharing knowledge among the person who is less experienced knowledgeable. Mentoring is the most effective way to get the employees share their knowledge between who is knowledgeable and not knowledgeable. Mentoring is the ongoing relationship that helps to solve the potential problems which can be more informal and any person can be mentor and mentee where the organization may need not to bring other external mentors at all time.-   Mentoring is a process for the informal transmission of knowledge,  social capital, and the psychosocial support perceived by the recipient as relevant to work, career, or professional development; mentoring entails informal communication, usually face-to-face and during a sustained period of time, between a person who is perceived to have greater relevant knowledge, wisdom, or experience (the mentor) and a person who is perceived to have less (the mentee) (Bozeman, B. and Feeney, M. K., 2007. Toward a useful theory of mentoring: A conceptual analysis and critique.) Mentoring can be done in the following areas: à ¢- ºBusiness à ¢- ºExecutive à ¢- ºPerformance à ¢- ºSkills à ¢- ºPersonal Example: In an organization there can be various problems that may arise in ongoing business activities. The concerned problems such as the company namely NIKE has facing employee motivational factors are not productive to the degree of expectations. Also conflicts in working arena among the employees arising in different level at different times. After identification of this problem NIKE has taken counseling to solve the problem. Again at the stage of mentoring this situational conflict, the company has taken various initiatives which encompass the increasing of new employee. 1.3. Pprofessional development skills in achieving personal or organisations goals and objectives Professional development skill encompasses to all sort of development starting from college to organizations. There is various ways to develop skills. There are a variety of approaches to professional development, including consultation, coaching, and communities of practice, lesson study, mentoring, reflective supervision and technical assistance.(National Professional Development Center on Inclusion.   What do we mean by professional development in the early childhood field?) Among the various skills three development skills are explained below which gives more accurate to achieve the goals and objectives. These are Leadership skills, Multitasking skills and Coaching. These are explained below: Leadership skill Leadership is the process of acquiring free consent by one person of many others where the person influences to the fraternity that followed by. In an organization leadership is as to be the leading by the key person where the goals oriented business is ongoing. The interests of the organization are in common and everyone within the organization follows the leader. The use of positive reinforcement is a successful and growing technique used by leaders to motivate and attain desired behaviors from subordinates. Organizations such as Frito-Lay, 3M, Goodrich, Michigan Bell, and Emery Air Freight have all used reinforcement to increase productivity.(Source: Lussier Achua, 2010) So, Leadership encompasses those which are attitude, behavior, leading power. In the organization every person requires to attain these as this are present within every department from smaller to larger portion. Multitasking skill Multitasking is the ability to do several tasks at a time. In an organization which is comparatively smaller, shows up that one person is doing the different task at a time which required doing. Rapidly increasing technology fosters multitasking because it promotes multiple sources of input at a given time. Instead of exchanging old equipment like TV, print, and music, for new equipment such as computers, the Internet, and video games children and teens combine forms of media and continually increase sources of input. (Foehr, Ulla, MEDIA MULTITASKING AMONG AMERICAN YOUTH) Coaching Coaching refers to developing the ability of a coachee by coah by various activity to improve the quality of coachee. Coaching is helping to identify the skills and capabilities that are within the person, and enabling them to use them to the best of their ability and by that increasing the independence within the individual, and reducing reliance. (Rixon, Nick,  2007, UK Coaching Academy CD Goals and Motivations) As described by Eric Coaching is a process that enables learning and development to occur and thus performance to improve. To be a successful a Coach requires a knowledge and understanding of process as well as the variety of styles, skills and techniques that are appropriate to the context in which the coaching takes place (Eric Parsloe, 1999, The Manager as Coach and Mentor. pp 8) Coaching nowadays is not for only senior managers who could in return fulfill the demand of the organization in achieving the goal. But to that context coaching is now has great demand which also given to the lower hierarchy where staff are also required to do the coaching. 1.4 Time Management: the importance and benefits Time management is that skill which helps one to enable effective response to the increase of efficiency and productivity. In business organization time management is all the way important from organizing day to day activities to every departments planning arena. Time management is a set of principles, practices, skills, tools and systems that help individual to use their time to accomplish what they want. (http://www.successconsciousness.com/blog/time-management/importance-of-time-management, accessed on 16.12.2010, 8.00pm) So, time management in short can be said that the effective use of time personally or business in an effective manner so that every required task are done accurately. Urgent Not Urgent Important Crying baby Kitchen fire some calls Exercise Vocation Planning Not Important Interruptions Distractions Other Calls Trivia Busy work Time wasters Exhibit: Time Management The importance includes all the way where the idle time increases the cost increase to that level as the organizations are engaged to achieve the goal of maximizing wealth of shareholders and stakeholders. The key benefits that can be derived by effective time management are reducing business harassment, eliminating of idle time of every staff within the organization and diminishing stress. It also helps to get motivated as such where employees are getting return of their work within time. Such as, employees salary, increment, etc. 1.5 Value of a Continuing Professional Development (CPD) programme to both an organisation and an individual A Continuing Professional Development (CPD) is an organized learning to a particular subject where professionals get knowledge to the degree of higher efficiency. It helps to concentrate on the particular problem and helps to eliminate and manage that efficiently and orderly. CPD is defined as a commitment to structured skills enhancement and personal or professional competence. DTI, 2002, Accelerating Change This helps to acquire the best effort by personally which ultimately gives support to the organization that the persons are engaged into. As defined by Chartered Institute of Personnel and development in 2000, CPD can also be defined as the conscious updating of professional knowledge and the improvement of professional competence throughout a persons working life. It is a commitment to being professional, keeping up to date and continuously seeking to improve. It is the key to optimizing a persons career opportunities, both today and for the future. CPD value in individual In personnel development CPD gives the best way to segregate oneself from others so that the person can clarify and understand problems and solve them rapidly. It helps them to be up-to-date while increasing demand can make or arise problems in upcoming status. CPD value to the organization The value of CPD to the organization has greater impact as the market are more competitive and grower big than earlier. The ongoing demand to adapt the changes and be skilled within required demand needs to keep the knowledge and upgrading them swiftly so that the organization goals are met. The values of CPD in an organization like NIKE are given below: CPD enables staff to adapt the changes that are occurring daily CPD helps to achieve the organizational goal CPD Helps to identify and solve in the area that are required to get the accurate outcome from the staff TASK- 2 2.1 Personal skills audit Personal development is the process of improving ones self-knowledge; develop the potentiality, identify the weakness and increase the efficiency covering that weakness. The purpose of the audit is for you to be able to identify your own existing strengths and skills, and then to find where additional training or courses may fill gaps in your abilities. (http://www.sussex.ac.uk/sp2/1-2-2.html , accessed on 15.12.2010, 8.30pm) The personal skills audit refers to the process of analyzing ones capability and quality of performance. 2.2 The stages of a personal skills audit Skills audit refers to the process of gathering the information of lacking of individual. The skills audit requires being specific about the consequences and outcome where information will be useful. Also it can be more specific to the specific job task. The stages in personal skills audit are explained below: Stage 1- Performing a skill audit The first stages accomplices the identification of ones or the job tasks improvement requirement process. Where the SWOT analysis will be carried upon by oneself. There the Strengths, Weakness and Opportunity and Threats will be identified and action plan will be done accordingly. NEEDS/ABILITY GRID Needs/Ability Grid describes that A=Chores, B=Confidence, C=Effectiveness, D=Action needed and = Area of Training needed Exhibit 1: Needs / Ability Grid The SWOT analysis encompasses: S-Strengths: Where the person has strength that he believes to be working well. W-Weakness: Where the person has weakness in completing any task. O-Opportunities: Where the person has opportunity to establish his/her efficiency. T-Threats: In which area the person believes to be threat in consideration with the possible inflow of bad result comparing other. Stage 2- Selecting and writing up an Action plan After completing the stage 1 the person requires to identify and select the action plan according to the SWOT analysis. Documenting the action plan establishes the completeness of works to be writing up where the thought will be orderly organized. This can be done effectively followed by S.M.A.R.T. procedure. Stage 3- Documenting the record Whenever the stage 2 completes then it requires keeping up record of the entire document that are required to be done in process of doing the skills audit. The individuals required to do documents where they have developed their skills and where they have to develop yet. Skills audit for effective management leadership Skills audit are required to be done for the management as they helps one to identify and/or management to identify the existing problem and helps to ensure the effective uses of those personnel problems so that the organization can walk through in a good and efficient manner. A skills audit assesses performances, from both a task and process- management perspective. They employ a range of psychometrics which provides a 360 ° profile of the individual skills base within the organization and an assessment of its relevance to strategic objectives. Analysis of any skills gap is made against identification of organizational change drivers, in order to build direction and relevance into subsequent training and learning programmers. (http://www.businesspsychologycentre.com) Leadership is the most important part of the organization as well as management. While running the business organization needs and important representative to reach to the goal so that everything within the organization can be remain managed. 2.3 The importance of identifying learning style The importance of identifying learning style are so vast that by this process an organization could easily be able to identify the target area where the potential official has the most weakness and also has another area that they could be easily use that. The Kolb Learning-Style Inventory is an assessment tool, developed by David A. Kolb, Ph.D. The tool identifies preferred learning styles, and explores how the different styles influence: Making career choices, Problem-solving, Working in teams, Goal-setting, Resolving conflict, Managing others, Dealing with new situations, Communicating at work, Communicating at home (http://www.banffcentre.ca/departments/leadership/assessment_tools/kolb) Exhibit: Kolbs learning style The Four Learning Styles identified in this assessment are: Diverging: combines preferences for  experiencing  and  reflecting Assimilating: combines preferences for  reflecting  and  thinking Converging: combines preferences for  thinking  and  doing Accommodating: combines preferences for  doing  and  experiencing (http://www.banffcentre.ca/departments/leadership/assessment_tools/kolb) 2.4 Monitoring the effectiveness of my own learning style The monitoring of the awareness and effectiveness of that learning are the continuous follow up of the existing learning which could help to understand the situation. Following are the key role to monitor the effectiveness of own learning style: Make strategic goal oriented planning Identification of key areas to be developed Using performance evaluation tools Memorizing frequently Task-3 3.1 personal development plan Personal development plan refers to the process of making own more efficient and career oriented. Personal Development Planning can be defined as a process that helps you to think about your own learning, performance and/or achievements and to plan for your personal, educational and career development. (http://www.lboro.ac.uk/library/skills/Advice/PDP.pdf,) 3.2 Purposes of Personal Development Plan Personal Development Plan is the most organized way to make better oneself. The purposes of Primary development Plan are as follows: The key reason for Personal development Plan is identified here: Personal development directs your attention to important things. Personal development increases your capacity. Personal development connects you with positive people. (http://www.articleclick.com/Article/Three-Reasons-Why-Personal-Development-Is-Important/1056612, accessed on 16.12.2010, 7.30pm) Since, the Personal development Plan is more important so the person needs more concentration on the part to get better result. 3.3 My personal Development Plan for next year Personal Development Plan is important for every person as it helps to increase the efficiency of any person who carried out the plan. My personal development plan for next year will be as follows: 3.3.1 Identification of the development area (SWOT analysis) At first it is required to identify the personal development area where my personal weakness, strengths, opportunities and threats to be covered. So at first I will conduct an SWOT analysis. This will be done in various angels where the perfect outcome of the testing will be sorted out. 3.3.2 Object oriented future target After identification of SWOT analysis where my potentiality and problems will be identified than I will build up an object oriented future to target for the next year. Even though this process involves this years activity. And the changes level wont be so much vast but the initial planning will be helpful for change to target area from the beginning of next year. 3.3.3 Identify resources and gather accordingly, if needed To accomplish the work I require to be pointed out the resources that are available and after that I will take a control and inventory assessment where any more resources, if required, will be identified and shall be gathered accordingly. 3.3.4 Implementation of the plan and monitoring After all the process done, now I require to go for implementation where I shall have to monitor after implementation. Nowadays the job market is so much competitive that one needs to assure that he or she could compete with others to win a job. By assessing personal skills and understanding the growth of the market with Continuous Personnel Development I could get myself developed to the level where competition is expected and will have the potentially to distinguish. 3.3.5 Skill audit Skills Level of skills Low High Remarks Managing time organizing 1 2 3 4 5 Taking decisions and solving problems 1 2 3 4 5 Preparing plan 1 2 3 4 5 Delegating 1 2 3 4 5 Motivating 1 2 3 4 5 Target mapping 1 2 3 4 5 Communicating via written 1 2 3 4 5 Communicating orally 1 2 3 4 5 Coaching 1 2 3 4 5 After investigation of the above area I have identified that the following parts needed to be developed Managing time organizing Communicating via written Communicating orally Taking decisions and solving problems Preparing plan 3.3.6 Development plan with resource and time Development skills area Aims Resources Time Lag Managing time organizing Continuous develop the time management skill Work breakdown structure, Gantt Chart Entire year Taking decisions and solving problems Need to try decision in particular situation and possible solution Try to solve different case study 3 months Preparing plan Need to try every work by follow plan Planning activity Entire year Communicating via written To be an expert writer Reading newspaper, article, try to follow general written procedures and monitor continuous development Entire year Communicating orally Try to develop professional communication skill for oral communication Regular listing news Entire year conclusion The business growth level is diversified now. The demand of staff potentiality is increasing more with the diverse requirement. The job market is also becoming more competitive than before which requires more competent staff to accomplish multitasking capability. This intensifies the requirement to be capable of handling various tasks at a time with the expectation of return as required. This at finally requires to get the staff motivated and knowledgeable where employee return will be higher as expected.

Multigrade: Teacher and Students

| Multigrade teaching involves the teaching of children from two or more grade levels in one classroom. Such contexts requires the employment of particular teaching methodologies and classroom administration. Since Multigrade classes are smaller and can be established more cheaply than complete schools, they can be more numerous, therefore more dispersed and thus located closer to the settlements where the children live. This means both that younger children can attend and that the time children spend travelling between school and home can be reduced to an acceptable level. This in turn means that there is sufficient time outside school hours for the children to continue to contribute to the family's economic activity . Attending school is therefore likely to be more acceptable to the families concerned, and thus both increase the number of children receiving education and reduce the failure rate. Multigrade schools, being smaller and more dispersed, would enjoy much closer links with the smaller communities that they would be set up to serve. This would have a very positive effect on local attitudes and access to education. The professional teacher is a key resource person in the Multigrade context. The local content is a significant part of the curriculum, it is particularly important to resolve the issue of appointing well-trained and locally-oriented teachers. Introduction  1. An average primary school teacher is ill equipped to handle a multigrade classroom situation. 2. The nature of the curriculum and textbooks, which are prepared almost entirely in a monograde context create further problems. 3. Teacher training programmes have not focused on practical issues and techniques for handling multigrade teaching studies. 4. There is no training package for multigrade teachers. The aspects could be;  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Time management-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Improving teaching skills-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Preparation and organisation of the teaching learning materials. –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Organisation of art and cultural activities. 5. Timetables are not flexible enough. Teachers of MC should have extra preparation time. Teachers assigned to MC should preferable be those who are most willing to teach. In service and information concerning appropriate groupings, classroom organization, instructional strategies and curriculum modification should be provided to principals and teachers. In a MC there is respect for different learning styles. Teachers structure a positive learning environment where children feel successful, develop positive self-concepts and are helpful and sensitive to others. The student benefit from having the opportunity to stay with the same teacher and classmates and experience the same teaching style and routine over a two-year (ore more) period. In a MC there is time to recognize that a childs social and emotional needs are as important as academic needs. Another advantage of more than one year in a MC is the relationship developed between the teacher and the entire family. Students feel they are successful when they are working at their own level and know that everyone should be able to do the same thing at the same time. Each child is accepted at his or her own place on the developmental learning situation. The teacher takes time to assess evaluates and plan next steps for each child. Separate subjects are replaced by an integrated curriculum, which engages children in meaningful activities that explore concepts and topics relevant and meaningful to the lives of the children. In a classroom where all children are learning at different rates and are not all the same age, there is a little competition. By helping each other, students reinforce their own understanding of knowledge, skills and attitudes. Conversations are encouraged as the children talk through their work in progress. These conversations help them understand just what they have learned. Multigrade classrooms take the focus of meeting the needs of the whole group of learners instead meet the needs of each individual student. | I. On the conference on MGT in  1988, organised by UNESCO, five general problems came out:a. Inadequately trained teachers. b. Scarcity of varied levels and types of materials. c. Lack of flexible and special types of curriculum organization. d. Inadequate school facilities. e. Lack of incentives for teachers in multiple classes. II. Multigrade in Vietnam, the problems. a. There is a serious shortage of teachers, especially skilled teachers for MGT. b. Teachers of MGT are working in different isolated conditions. c. The training of teachers for MG classes does not meet the requirement in either quality or quantity. d. Most of the MG schools lack textbooks, guidebooks and reference material. e. Multigrade classes are in very bad conditions. III. What is the principals role in a multigrade chool? a. The principal plays a key-role in creating a supportive school culture. b. The principal, the head teacher must ensure that all teachers feel supported. c. The head must provide teachers with opportunities to learn multigrade teaching methods, monitor the progress of implementation and give the teachers praise, feedback and suggestions. d. The head should be adept at facilitating positive, cooperative interactions among teaching team members. IV. There are definite characteristics of successful multigrade teachers, which should be considered in teacher selection. . Well-organizedb. Creative and flexiblec. Willing to work hard. d. Resource full. e. Self directed. f. Willing to work closely with the community. g. Strong belief in the importance of cooperation and personal responsibility in the classroom with the ability to develop these characteristics in pupils. h. Prior successful experience at the grade levels to be taught. V. Seven general types of activities found in most class rooms:a. Quiet or individual study. b. Testingc. Whole class instruction. d. Partner worke. Group discussionf. Reference work. QUESTIONS/ACTIVITY  1. How will / can you create an enabling and effective teaching- learning environment in a multigrade classroom. 2. How could teachers spend more time on a particular subject or practice work? 3. How can a teacher maintain discipline in a multigrade classroom? 4. Which teaching aids are specific for a multigrade teaching? 5. How can a teacher be enabled to organise the subject matter in the best possible way? 6. How can the teacher understand the gaps in his or her teaching method, and appreciate student needs better? FACTS  1. Multigrade teachers must be trained to give different lessons at the same time to pupils at different grade levels. . Children sit in grade-groups facing their own blackboard (BB)3. If there are two grade groups in the class the BB are placed either end of the classroom with children facing opposite directions. 4. During the lessons the teacher moves frequently between the different groups. 5. Give reading instructions to one grade; give dictation to the other grade. 6. One grade is copying handwriting math exercises from the BB, the other grade will be instructed on a new math item. 7. The extra work involved in multigrade teaching must be recognized by giving teachers  50% additional salary for two rades and  75% for three or more grades. 8. Teachers in multigrade classrooms must receive a lot of support and must meet regularly with teachers from other multigrade schools. | Direct Instruction Direct instruction is highly teacher-directed and commonly used. It is effective for providing information or developing step-by-step skills. This strategy also works well for introducing other teaching methods or actively involving students in knowledge construction. a. Structured Overview  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ organizing concepts and materials in a manner that is easily understood by students. b. Explicit Teaching  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ explicit teaching involves six teaching functions:|  · daily review  · presenting new material  · conducting guided practice  · providing feedback and correctives  · conducting independent practice  · weekly and monthly review| | c. Mastery Lecture  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ a method to deliver significant amounts of information in a relatively short period of time. The quality of a lecture may be improved by incorporating audio and visual aids and encouraging interaction between the teacher and the students. d. Drill and Practice  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ structured, repetitive review of previously learned concepts in order to increase level of mastery. . Compare and Contrast  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ students look for similarities and differences. f. Didactic Questions  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ tend to be convergent, factual and often begin with â€Å"what,† â€Å"where,† â€Å"when,† and â€Å"how. † These may also include â€Å"why† and â€Å"what if† q uestions. g. Demonstrations  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ teacher shows and tells how to do something. h. Guides for Reading, Listening, and Viewing  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ providing leading questions, diagrams, or statements to assist students in focusing on the important ideas within text, lecture, media, or other presentations. A follow-up discussion may assist in summarizing the activity. Indirect Instruction Indirect instruction is mainly student-centred, although direct and indirect instruction can complement each other. Indirect instruction seeks a high level of student involvement in observing, investigating, drawing inferences from data, or forming hypotheses. It takes advantage of students' interest and curiosity, often encouraging them to generate alternatives or solve problems. It is flexible in that it frees students to explore diverse possibilities and reduces the fear associated with the possibility of giving incorrect answers. Indirect instruction also fosters creativity and the development of interpersonal skills and abilities. In indirect instruction, the role of the teacher shifts from lecturer/director to that of facilitator, supporter, and resource person. The teacher arranges the learning environment, provides opportunity for student involvement, and, when appropriate, provides feedback to students while they conduct the inquiry (Martin, 1983). The indirect instruction strategy can be used by teachers in almost every lesson. This strategy is most appropriate when:  | thinking outcomes are desired * attitudes, values, or interpersonal outcomes are desired * process is as important as product * students need to investigate or discover something in order to benefit from later instruction * there is more than one appropriate answer * the focus is personalized understanding and long term retention of concepts or generalizations * ego involvement and intrinsic motivation are desirable * decisions need to be made or problems need to be solved * life-long learning capability is desired| a. Problem Solving  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ students work through a situation or problem in order to arrive at a solution. b. Case Studies  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ real life scenarios are presented for analyzing, comparing and contrasting, summarizing, and making recommendations. c. Inquiry  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ as topics are explored, thinking is emphasized as students ask relevant questions and develop ways to search for answers and generate explanations. d. Reading for Meaning  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ information and insight are obtained from written material. e. Reflective Discussion  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ discussion occurs in order for students to understand a concept in more depth. f. Concept Formation  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ students are given data about a particular concept. The data is classified or grouped and descriptive labels are given to the groupings. By linking their examples to the labels and explaining their reasoning, students are able to form their own understanding of the concept. g. Concept Mapping  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ a word or topic is used to generate other related words. These may be organized in web form. . Concept Attainment  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ examples and non-examples are given to develop an understanding of a concept. i. Cloze Procedure  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ students need to supply key words which have been omitted from a passage. Experiential learningExperiential learning is inductive, learner centred, and activity oriented. Personalized reflection about an experience and the formulation of plans to apply learnings to other contexts are critical factors in effect ive experiential learning. Experiential learning occurs when learners:| participate in an activity * critically look back on the activity to clarify learnings and feelings * draw useful insights from such analysis * put learnings to work in new situations (Pfeiffer & Jones, 1979) Experiential learning can be viewed as a cycle consisting of five phases, all of which are necessary:| * experiencing  (an activity occurs) * sharing  or publishing (reactions and observations are shared) * analyzing  or processing (patterns and dynamics are determined) * inferring  or generalizing (principles are derived) * applying  (plans are made to use learnings in new situations) a. Field Trips  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ students are given an opportunity to learn by taking part in educational activities that take place outside of the classroom. | b. Conducting Experiments  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ students are given a hypothesis to test under specific conditions. | c. Simulations  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ the students are presented with an artificial problem, situation, or event which has some aspect of reality. | d. Games  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ these are structured learning activities which have rules and methods of establishing who wins or how the activity ends. | e. Focused Imaging  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ students visualize an object, event, or situation. f. Field Observations  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ students make observations of naturally occurring events found outside of the classroom. | g. Role Playing  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ students are presented with a real problem situation and given individual parts or roles to play. | h. Synectics  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ analogies are used to help students compare and contrast topics which appear to be unrelated. | i . Model Building  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ students design and construct an object. | j. Surveys  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ are research tools that involve asking questions to a specific group of individuals. The responses are then analyzed. | | | Independent Study Independent study refers to the range of instructional methods which are purposefully provided to foster the development of individual student initiative, self-reliance, and self-improvement. While independent study may be initiated by student or teacher, the focus here will be on planned independent study by students under the guidance or supervision of a classroom teacher. In addition, independent study can include learning in partnership with another individual or as part of a small group. Independent study encourages students to take responsibility for planning and pacing their own learning. Independent study can be used in conjunction with other methods, or it can be used as the single instructional strategy for an entire unit. The factors of student maturity and independence are obviously important to the teacher's planning. a. Essays  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ writing that students do that involves some level of research. Research may be used to support their opinions on a specific topic. b. Computer Assisted Instruction  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ programs which are available to be used on the computer to assist student learning. . Reports  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ enable students to express their knowledge or ideas related to a given topic. These reports may be presented in written or oral form. d. Learning Activity Package  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ a planned series of activities for the students to complete. e. Correspondence Lessons  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ lessons that are administered through an outside agency other than the scho ol. Typically this was in print form, but now may involve audio, video, or computer elements. f. Learning Contracts  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ these allow for instruction to be individualized and encourages student responsibility. When students are new to this method, teachers may have to provide a more structured format that includes the learning objectives, some choice of resources, as well as time constraints. As students become more familiar with this method and more independent, increased responsibility can be given to the students. g. Homework  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ assignments and activities that are to be completed away from the school. h. Research Projects  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ these projects contain some elements of research and may be conducted individually, with a partner, or in small groups. i. Assigned Questions  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ questions that are given to the students to complete individually or in small groups. j. Learning Centres  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ stations are set up in the classroom which include tasks or activities that may need to be completed individually or in a group. Interactive instructionInteractive instruction relies heavily on discussion and sharing among participants. Students can learn from peers and teachers to develop social skills and abilities, to organize their thoughts, and to develop rational arguments. The interactive instruction strategy allows for a range of groupings and interactive methods. It is important for the teacher to outline the topic, the amount of discussion time, the composition and size of the groups, and reporting or sharing techniques. Interactive instruction requires the refinement of observation, listening, interpersonal, and intervention skills and abilities by both teacher and students. | a. Debates  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ students are divided into two groups. Each group is assigned a side of an issue to defend. After developing arguments for their side, students present new information or introduce rebuttals for information presented by their opposition. b. Role Playing  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ a topic or theme is chosen and relevant concepts are identified. A concept is selected which involves a compelling issue and adequate roles for everyone. A key question from the concept is chosen and possible viewpoints are discussed. Situations and viewpoints are chosen and students are assigned roles to play. | c. Panels  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ students are divided into small groups. Each studen t individually presents information to the rest of the class. The panel is run by a moderator. | d. Brainstorming  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ as many ideas as possible are suggested. All ideas are recorded with no criticism or evaluation permitted. | e. Peer Practice  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ students practice what they have learned with a peer. | f. Discussion  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ familiar material is used for discussions. The problem or issue can be one that does not require a particular answer or one where it is important for students to discover an answer. Opinions must be supported. Discussion should conclude with consensus, a solution, clarification of insights gained, or a summary. | g. Laboratory Groups  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ groups of students in a laboratory setting. | h. Co-operative Learning Groups  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ small groups of students, usually two to six members, share the various roles and are interdependent in achieving the group learning goal. | i. Problem Solving  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ real life problems are presented to the students to solve. The teacher, acting as a facilitator, encourages the students to use an â€Å"If . . . , then . . . , because . . . † method of solving the problem. | j. Circle of Knowledge  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ small groups of students sit in a circle to think and discuss information. The ideas from each small circle are then shared with the rest of the class. | k. Tutorial Groups  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ groups set up to offer remediation. This remediation may be done by the teacher or a peer. | l. Interviewing  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ students familiarize themselves with the topic of the interview and create questions to ask the interviewee. Interviews usually take place face-to-face. | Cooperative teaching:  According to Bauwens and Hourcade (2001), cooperative teaching refers to a direct form of collaboration in which a general educator and one or more support service providers voluntarily agree to work together in a co-active and coordinated fashion in the general education classroom. These educators who possess distinct and complementary sets of skills, combine roles and share resources and responsibilities in a sustained effort while working towards the common goal of school success for all students. Collaborative teaching, where two educators take responsibility for planning, teaching, and monitoring the success of all learners in a class, looks different from day to day and classroom to classroom. Why? Collaborative teaching, when done right, is a dynamic process that educators constantly reconfigure to fit their instructional plans and the learning needs of their students. team teaching  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ a method of coordinated classroom teaching involving a team of teachers working together with a single group of students didactics,  education,  educational activity,  instruction,  pedagogy,  teaching  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill; â€Å"he received no formal education†; â€Å"our instruction was carefully programmed†; â€Å"good classroom teaching is seldom rewarded† Peer Teaching Practice in which students take on a teaching role in a school setting in order to share their knowledge with other students. multi-grade teaching   ‘ technique of simultaneously teaching more than one grade by a single teacher’.