To Kill a Mockingbird - Theme of Innocence :: Free Essay Writer

To Kill a Mockingbird - Theme of Innocence Innocence is a prison term when a person has never done something, it is the first step of the theme of innocence to experience. The second step in the movement from innocence to experience, is experience. This step is what is achieved aft(prenominal) a person or thing has done something they fool never done before or learns something they have never know before. The theme of proceeds from innocence to experience occurs many times in the first part of To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee. This process is one of the central themes in the first eleven chapters of this book, because it shows how talent scout and Jem change and mature. In To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee, there are many great usages of Jem or Scout moving from innocence to experience. One of these is on page 24 when Scout learns the proper way to treat a guest. After Scout has a repugn with Walter Cunningham, Jem invites him to dinner. During the meal , Scout watches Walter pour a lot of syrup on his food. Thinking it unusual, Scout inquired about why he was doing it. Her comment embarrasses Walter. Calpernia, the housekeeper, brings her into the kitchen and tells her that she should never comment on the ways of their guests eating habits or otherwise. To drive home her point, Calpernia not only informs Scout of her mistake, she slaps her. Prior to these events happening, Scout had never know that it was improper to make playing period of or judge a guest of the house. In her innocence, she had never before realized this behavior was inappropriate. The hit as well as the scolding have removed her innocence. Scout is now very aware of her mistake. With her new experience, she will most likely never embarrass a house guest again. She has in condition(p) her lesson. In my life I have also gone through many situations that have taken me across the threshold of innocence to experience. One example of this would be, th at when I was young, I was unaware that leaning back in a chair was dangerous. This would be my innocence, but one day when I was leaning back, I fell to the ground and took off the skin on my chin.

Comparing Platos Republic, Mores Utopia, and Gurneys Dinotopia Essay

Platos Republic, Mores Utopia, and Gurneys Dinotopia Throughout history, mankind has struggled to lead better lives and improve their society for future generations. What do we continuously attempt to improve? What kind of changes atomic number 18 we trying to institute? In other words, what is an ideal society? Many people have very diversified views about a perfect civilization. In Platos Republic, Sir Thomas Mores Utopia, and James Gurneys Dinotopia, three imaginary societies are described, each with its own peculiarities and highlights. Various aspects of the nations described in these three novels, including their respective economies, governments, and social structures, will be compared and contrasted. A crucial aspect of any society would be its economy. In Utopia, business was conducted chiefly to import iron, and in many cases they traded on credit. The Utopians have no currency, though they trade their goods for gold in order to pay mercenaries in times of wa r. If one is in need of something, one merely has to inform the whirl of ones household and he will get it. Their society is arranged so that they reject many material things that our society would consider valuable, such as silver and diamonds. The Utopians fail to understand why anyone should be so fascinated by the dull gleam of a tiny bit of stone, when he has all the stars in the sky to look at - or how anyone can be silly enough to think himself better than other people, because his clothes are made of fine woolen thread than theirs (More 89). To minimize the importance of these materials, Utopians make everyday objects out of them, identical chamber pots. In Dinotopia, people are given what they require, much like Utopia, although the... ...h political and financial equality, forming the foundation for everlasting peace. This ideal society would be ruled by a government that truly represents the people and endeavors to direct its citizens on the route to lif e, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. As Sir Francis Bacon said, Man seeketh in society comfort, use, and protection. Works Cited Ferguson, John. Utopias of the Classical World. Ithaca, NY Cornell UP, 1975. Manuel, Frank E. and Fritzie P. Manuel. Utopian Thought in the Western World. Cambridge, MA Belknap-Harvard Press, 1979. More, Thomas. Utopia. Trans. capital of Minnesota Turner. New York Penguin Books, 1965. Plato. Republic. Trans. G.M.A. Grube. Indianapolis Hackett Publishing, 1974. Rice, Eugene E. and Anthony Grafton. The Foundations of Early Modern Europe, 1460-1559. 2nd. ed. New York W. W. Norton and Co., 1994.

Herberts Metaphysical Poems Essay -- Herbert Metaphysical Poems Essay

Herberts Metaphysical PoemsIn the first portion of The Temple, specifically Perirrhanterium, Herbert prescribes the didactics necessary for the instruction of the catechumen in a simple, straightforward manner. As the reader moves into the principal(prenominal) section of The Church, the authors poetic wit becomes more complex in both its style and depth of topic. Although the starkness of the messages in Herberts metaphysical poems is not as palpable as those of the Church Porch, their ability to t to each one both abstractly and visually affords them a didactic nature much comparable the parables of Christ. In basic parabolic structure, the speaker conveys a heavenly message through the simpler and more easily digestible use of an earthly comparison, such as the parable of the sower in Matthew 13, which compares the productivity of seeds to the growth of Christians. Christ presents a divine truth in the basic analogy of a parable, as the OED describes it A simulated na rrative (usually of something that might naturally occur), by which moral or spiritual relations are typically set forth, as the parables of the New Testament. Herbert utilizes a convertible strategy in his poetic comparisons, often taking the process a step further by including visual cues to aid the reader in his sagaciousness of the message as Bloch points out, his larger purposewas to teach like the prophets in a nondiscursive way, to present symbols that the reader could experience in all their constrictions and expansions (206). Three examples of Herberts use of the parabolic structure in his metaphysical poems include Easter Wings, Paradise, and Heaven. The authors mastery of the metaphysical conceit is evident in each work as he leads the re... ...s. ed. John Tobin. London Penguin Group, 2004. 38.---. Heaven. George Herbert The Complete English Poems. ed. John Tobin. London Penguin Group, 2004. 177.---. Paradise. George Herbert The Complete English Poems . ed. John Tobin. London Penguin Group, 2004. 124.King jam Bible, 1611. New York Oxford U.P., 1996.Rickey, Mary. Utmost Art. Kentucky U. of Kentucky P., 1966. 35-181.Singleton, Marion. Gods Courtier. Cambridge Cambridge U. P., 1987. 100-02.Stein, Arnold. George Herberts Lyrics. Baltimore Johns Hopkins P., 1968. 248-51Stewart, Stanley. George Herbert. Boston Twayne Publishers, 1986. 104-6Toliver, Harold. George Herberts Christian Narrative. University Park Pennsylvania State U., 1993. 61-239.Vendler, Helen. The Poetry of George Herbert. Cambridge Harvard U.P., 1975. 222-28.

Discuss Charlotte Bronte’s portrayal of childhood in Jane Eyre. Essay

Discuss Charlotte Brontes portrayal of childhood in Jane Eyre.Charlotte Bronts Jane Eyre was a controversial novel for its time.It traces the heroine from an orphan child to a contented adult woman.Through the trials Jane experiences Bront highlights manyhypocritical aspects of Victorian society, mainly focusing on the spectral hypocrisy of the era. Subtitled An Autobiography, thenovel in parts closely resembles Bronts own childhood and herevocation of Janes experiences of Gateshead and Lowood remain asvivid as ever for the modern reader.Bront explores childhood feelings of hurt and loss, focusing on asolitary, suffering child. In these first nine chapters we see Jane atGateshead, where she is the victim of foul treatment within theReed family (a poor relation), and then at Lowood, the victim oncemore of a harsh, tyrannical and unjust regime (despite the goodinfluences of Miss Temple). In these circumstances Jane is shown to becontinually subject to harsh and unjust treatment. Yet t he narrationalso establishes Jane as a passionate, emotional, potentially fiery,and morally clear-sighted she has a strong will, and refuses to letinjustice and hypocrisy go by. She comments that conventionality isnot morality.However this unusual and uncontrollable passion in a humble girl isabhorred in Victorian society, it goes against the doctrine thatstates children should be seen and not heard. Bessie exclaims Didanybody ever see such a picture of passion when Jane attacks MasterReed. She is often expound by the Reed household as an animal youratHold her arms Miss Abbot shes like a mad cat.She is crushed regarded within the household, they wish she c... ...es represented by Mrs. Reed and Mr Brocklehurstis shown most clearly in the character of Helen Burns, who is mostclearly a product of their propagandizing on obscureness and self-denial.Although Jane respects Helens honesty and stoicism, she cannotunderstand her beliefs and the way in which she accepts her constantchast isement so submissively she herself should wish the earth toopen and swallow me up. subsequently talking to Helen, Jane comments thather feelings were better regulated and thoughts more harmonious.Finally in Mrs. Temple Jane finds someone whom she can respect andadmire a role model. Helen observes that Miss. Temple is in effect(p) ofgoodness it pains her to be severe to anyone.The portrayal of Childhood in this novel is utterly convincing andillustrates the triumph of a childs opinion in spite of difficultcircumstances very well.

Farming In Denmark :: essays research papers

Denmark is located in the Central Northern part of Europe. It is part of the Scandinavian countries, thus it has a comparatively cold weather all year long. 75% of Denmarks arrive is use for ground. Because of its export of agricultural and industrial produce, it enjoys one of the highest standard of active in the world.This case study is meant to study the agriculture in Denmark.Types of FarmingDenmark is divided into 3 areas Jut subvert, Fyn, and Zealand. Farming is found in all of those areas.Denmarks types of farming are Dairy farming, Crop farming, Animal farming, and Mixed farmingIn Jutland, the least intensive farming is found. There they mainly grow rye, oats, and potatoes. Pasture land is also found there.In Fyn and Zealand, the most Intensive farming is found. There they grow cereals with infrastructure crops, and pigs.Some areas in Jutland and Fyn are also used for mixed farming.Is the Land Suitable for Farming?Denmarks land wasnt very rich in the Nineteenth century . It had Sandy soils in the West and the Great Compromiser land in the East. The government invested a lot of money into making those lands fertile. The low lying and relatively flat land in Denmark added to the existing fertile soils, and partially favorable climate (Winter frosts + Warm and sunny summer with rainfall over the average) makes Denmark ideal for cereal farming. Up till the 1870s, Denmark was a major exporter of wheat berry and barley. But eventually, it had to diversify due to hard competition. That was when it realized the high demand for dairy products in foreign countries (mainly Britain), thus it started to export dairy products along with cereals. This meant it had to believe on pasture land for rearing animalsToday, Denmarks land is typical for the types of farming found there. The land remains ideal for cereal farming. Pasture land is also found for cattle. Pigs and poultry remain inside a barn all year long. The land is also ideal for growing potatoes and o ther root crops. Stalinization isnt a problem in Denmark due to a high annual rainfall.Where in the World can Similar Farming be arrange?Mixed farming Mixed farming can be found in North America (i.e. USA), in Asia (i.e. Russia), and in Europe (i.e. France and Spain). Mixed farming can be also be found in the rest of the continents.Dairy farming Dairy farming is found world wide. It is found in Israel, Italy, USA, France, Britain, and many more.

Blood And Excerise :: essays research papers

Blood and ExceriseType II muscle fibers oxidize lactate at a very fast rates. When musclecontraction produces a significant amount of lactate, it is so released intothe central circulation of the blood, and within seconds it is made available tothat muscle for thrust. Therefore, 75% of the lactate produced from high loudness exercise is made available for energy production in type II musclefibers. The remaining 25% of lactic acid is used for energy in the heart, themake up of liver animal starch, and the supply of energy to inactive muscles. A goodexample of this would be a runner who is exceeding his or her planned race pacein a 10k. The excess lactic acid accumulated in the contracting muscle frominsufficient oxygen is then made available to inactive muscles (e.g., the arms)from the central circulation of blood. The remaining lactic acid that is notdirectly oxidized for fuels is sent to the liver, where it is stored as glycogen.In the process of exercise, glycogen is released into the blood stream to formglucose.Lactate is GoodAs coach and athlete you must learn how to teach the body to plough lactic acid.It is imperative, if you ask successes in todays highly competitive field ofathletics to train your muscles, body and mind to accomplish gains inperformance even in the presence of lactic acid. Coaches and athletes shoulddesign training programs with this being a primary focus. This is done by twobasic components of training. Long Slow Distance (LSD) training beyond the chemical formula racing distance, will develop tissue enzyme adaptations that will relyupon the use of free fatty acids for energy production, which will result inless lactic acid being produced. LSD training will also ontogenesis the rate oflactic acid removal from the blood and muscles. During continuos steady stateexercise, you increase capillary density and mitochondria function in skeletalmuscle, These two peripheral adaptations brought on by LSD training will enableyour body to handle lactic acid much more efficiency. High intensity trainingwill develop the cardiovascular system to increase the rate of oxygen taketo the contracting muscles so there is less reliance on carbohydrate breakdownto lactic acid. High intensity training much(prenominal) as intervals., and versatile paceworkouts, will increase your functional capacity (Max VO2). This means that inactual competition you will produce less lactic acid, because your muscles arerelying broadly on the use of free fatty acids for fuel. The lactic acid that isproduce will be removed by the tissues that can use it as fuel, such as the

What Are The Benefits Of Eco Briquettes Environmental Sciences Essay

Unsustainable of mankind s resources and surroundal jobs are major current jobs that occurred by over ingestion and inefficient manner of utilizing. Climate alteration, resource depletion, loss of biodiversity, and air pollution has a major impact on many citizens and the Earth which require people change their current behaviour. Climate alteration and planetary heating are portion of serious issues these yearss and are besides portion of the virtually of import planetary surroundingsal challenges, with deductions for nutrient production, water system supply, wellness, energy and so on. Addressing clime alteration requires a rock-steady scientific apprehension every instant good as coordinated action at national and planetary degree from.PTT 328PTT is the largest energy company in Thailand which the group s chief occupation is the operation of crude oil byplay. The Group besides engages in the geographic expedition and production of crude oil, operation of natural gas, multin ational trading of uptight oil, condensate, crude oil and petrochemical swops and investing in domestic refinement and petrochemical industries. Its vision and mission are to be the preeminent Thai energy corporation, runing to the full integrate oil and gas concern, and entire energy services. PTT has a clear end over Quality, Safety, Health and Environment ( QSHE ) . Regarded as the nucleus constituent of sustainable development, QSHE has been tail endvass and assessed with the demands of the stakeholders in head. In carry oning energy concerns, it is inevitable for operators to confront hazards refering Quality, Safety, Health, and Environment ( QSHE ) . Refering this, PTT has invariably paid full attending to the control, bar, and minimisation of these hazards faced by stakeholders customers, profferrs, contractors, stockholders, communities, staff, and the environment as a whole. The company has applied productiveness tools and QSHE direction systems in all its units t o better its efficiency and the quality of life of staff and communities, and to steadily access image in the company s societal and environmental duties. These steps have successfully instilled greater assurance in investors and favored PTT s international concern project. However, sustainable edifice of concern besides covers the merchandise which its belongings and production subprogram is environmentally responsible and resource-efficient by means ofout a edifice s life-cycle. All of these elements have to concern of economic system, public-service corporation, lastingness, and comfort. Biomass briquette is an ideal biomass fuel which can heighten the PTT s environmental public presentation more legal and ocular because this the merchandise including natural stuff, production procedure and new engineerings are developed to make greener activities to cut down the overall impact of the built environment on human wellness and the natural environment byEfficiently utilizing ener gy, H2O, and other resourcesProtecting occupant wellness and bettering employee productivenessRecycling abscond, cut bolt down pollution and environmental debasement.Biomass briquettesBiomass briquettes are an low-cost alternate fuel to coal and other solid combustible fuels which are produced by change overing low majority denseness biomass into in high spirits denseness solid fuels ( Werther et al. 2000 ) . Biomass briquetting workss are consisted of assorted types of machines to back up different natural stuffs ( KriA?an et al. 2009 ) . Biomass briquettes are non-conventional beginning of energy, renewable in nature, eco friendly, non-polluting and frugal ( Wilaipon 2007 ) . In add-on, it has been claimed thataaaaa.the procedure of change overing biomass to solid fuel is besides non-polluting therefore the procedure and merchandise are atomic number 6 % natural. Briquette is an ideal Bio-fuel because of the undermentioned groundsEco friendly & A renewable energy fuel.Econ omic and cheaper than other solid fuels.Thermal calorific nourish astir(predicate) 4000 Kcal/Kg.Pollution free & amp non-hazardous.Lower ash content 4 % 8 % . There is no fly ash when burnt.Consistent high burning efficiency.Easy for transit, eating, and burning.Combustion is more unvarying.Biomass briquettes are an alternate green energy to char, and are universally used to fire industrial boilers that produce steam including concern which requires burn.Production procedure 400Every twelvemonth Thailand has 1000000s of dozenss of agricultural wastes are generated. These agricultural wastes are treated a waste with no economic value and either none used or burned inefficiently in their loose signifier doing air pollution. However, this waste can be turned into a wholly environment-friendly beginning of energy through briquetting ( Biomass briquettes Replacing coal and LPG.article ) .Groundnut shellBamboo dustPaddy strawSunflower chaffTea wasteTobacco wasteBagasse( Sugarcane w aste )Saw dustCoffee chaffWheat strawMustardJute wasteForestry wastesCotton chaff deal chaffWood french friessRice chaffReedsSoies huskOther agro wastesTable1. Kinds of natural stuff ( based on Werther et Al. 2000 )Biomass briquettes are manufactured by the procedure of recycling agricultural wastes and forestry wastes. The machinery used is compatible with multiple agricultural wastes. The agro waste is first pulverized, sieved and so dried to request laughable content. This is so fed into the groundball of fuel briquette machine, which uses high compaction between dice and clout ensuing into cylindrical briquettes. Cylindrical briquettes are therefore formed due to carbonisation, achieved by heating of surface.Figure1. The Biomass briquette s production procedure ( based on Callejon Ferre and Lopez Martinez 2009 )Procedure of BriquettingFirst, oppressing machine prepares suited size natural stuff for biomass briquetting works by tear uping the natural stuff after it is fed into the machine. After that a tiled metal screen will vibrate chopped be until it separates from dirt. Then, the remains works stuffs were passed into a armored combat vehicle of uninterrupted rinsing consists of a pivot membranophone made of screen. After rinsing the works stuff, H2O is contaminated and low quality, it is brought to sublimate by water-purification system which is contained in the lowest of the armored combat vehicle. This system allows reused H2O for briquetting procedure. Second, drying machine prepare suited wet natural stuff for biomass briquette imperativeness. For briquetting imperativeness, it is merely to command the wet of natural stuff at a sensible scope that can do good consequence of biomass briquettes. Or the briquettes will be broken because of excessively loose or excessively dry. Third, briquetting imperativeness machine makes the biomass stuff into briquettes. After the well prep of natural metarial, briquetting is easy at right operation of biomass briquette imperativeness. When machine rise to over 300 centigrade, the stuff can be feeding unendingly into briquetting imperativeness. First, the colour of briquettes may be a small dark even black, but after a piece, the colour will be light to normal degree coming out of biomass briquette machine. Finally, wadding is the last procedure of briquetting procedure which the wadding machine will lade concluding biomass briquettes and so wander with a thermic psychiatrist wrap by thermic psychiatrist wrapper machineFinished Product BriquettesBriquettes are ready replacement of cook coal, coal and wood in industrial boiler and brick kiln for thermic application including families day-to-day life. Biomass briquettes are non-conventional beginning of energy, eco-friendly, renewable in nature, non fouling and economical. It s made through binder slight technique without usage of any type of chemical so it is 100 % natural. Compared to fire wood or loose biomass, briquettes give som e(prenominal) higher boiler efficiency because of low wet and higher denseness.Marketing 200 Explain how it could be marketed ( academic resources )Harmonizing to ( Suksumek 2007 ) pollution job by utilizing chocolate-brown coal at Mae Moh Power works in Thailand in 1992 and doing bad consequence to villagers, power works employees and harvest of local communities, it creates negative image of utilizing charcoal and coal which Thai authorities solves the job by import coal from oversea. Therefore, it is a good chance to market biomass briquette merchandise in Thailand. The fabrication, dictated in Thailand, provides a geographical advantage to Tesco because it is populatedaaaaaaaa Furthermore, demand ingestion of coal is high while low competition in clean fuel merchandise as biomass briquette.Unit of measurement KtoeTable1. Forecast on Primary Energy get hold of ( based on Suksumek 2007 )The multiple use of the terminal merchandise enables us to work the chances in bothcommerc ial and industrial markets. Our works will provide to the SA and UK industrial and domestic commercial market such as steel fabrication workss or electrical plants.There are plentifulness of possible markets for fuel briquettes in the metropoliss and in the rural countries.The possible clients for the briquettesFurnace lining IndustriesGasifies System AppLamination IndustriesSpining MillLeather IndustriesCeramic IndustriesTextile unitsVegetable PlantsSolvent ExtractionPlantRubber Industries aliment ProcessingIndustriesDying Unit of measurementsMilk PlantAny IndustrialThermal AppBrick Making Unit of measurementsChemical IndustriesSelling ApproachsSponsorship The program recommends actuating client s perceptual experience and besides improves client relationships in term of green company and green merchandise by incorporating green enterprises into every face of the organisation which links the association of the company and briquette merchandise with an person, event or organisation to expose in societal duty.Using eco-labels and eco-logos on merchandises or selling stuffs The program aims to stress in term of green merchandise by seting eco-label and eco-logos on briquette s packaging to increase client s consciousness.Prosecuting clients in green selling The selling program will actuate consumers by promoting them to take part and prosecute in the run or uncoiled with the merchandise through green clubcard.E-marketing In term of viral selling, the program will aim on-line resources like Tesco s web site schmooze room, article media, electronic mails online events and will sell the merchandise through Tesco s ain web site.Personal Selling Due to briquette is low-value merchandise and it is requisite to go for in many industries hence face-to-face contact provides better chance to sell briquette for big measure to industries.Distribution45 % of the merchandise is exported to the UK retaining 55 % of it for the Thailand market.Distribution in Thailand will be done straight to clients upon puting an order or known as Just-In-Time because the briquette merchandise s select clip is short. Furthermore, it is available in every subdivisions of Tesco shop in Thailand while it is available in Tesco supernumerary in UK. However, there is some sum of merchandise storaged in warehouse to back up an exigency.hypertext transfer protocol //refrigeratedtrans.com/2010-emissions/testa_produce_building_green_distribution_center_0412/Packing materialDue to belongings of merchandise and distance of transit, the biomass briquette merchandise would necessitate strong and rainproof packaging. For this grounds, Thermal Shrink wrapping which is cheap and environmentally friendly is used as packaging of merchandise. This elastic plastic wrap can besides used to protect merchandise when it is non in usage. Furthermore, it can be used for large and little points therefore it provides an advantage to merchandise and company for time to come development. In th is procedure, briquettes are fed into the wadding machine, heat is used to distill the sheets of packing stuff to model, or shrivel to the signifier of the content it will protect. rescueBriquettes have high specific denseness therefore it can defy the stocks of long distance conveyance, lading and droping. Furthermore, transit costs are much less and storage demand is drastically reduced. For bringing both in instance of cargo and transit, this program concerns about clime alteration and environment friendly, and intents to better C footmark. The merchandise will be delivered with sharing lorry by working in partnership with other companies and providers in domestic and international.A For our ain transit, we will utilize more and more double-decker dawdlers, which carry 55 per centum more merchandises per journey ( individual deck 45, dual deck 75 coops per trip ) . In add-on, battery-powered new waves are doing bringings for our online shop, Tesco.com which will salvage around 1 80 metric tons of carbon dioxide each twelvemonth. From these effectual bringings, Tesco can cut down CO2 emanation, save cost and addition higher net income.Decision 150

Philosophy: “Explain the Differences Between Plato and Aristotle’s View of Reality”.

Plato imagined that there existed an ideal or perfect solid ground beyond our declargon physical earth. Our earthly world is full of un razeness, imperfections, and impurities which have been copied from the true ideal world which is beyond us. Plato further believed that our physical world and its Forms participate or sham the real Forms in a disorderly way. He claimed that there was a relationship between the realm of Forms and our world. This relationship revealed to us mortals the forms and brought order to life. Aristotle objected to Platos view, rock that one cannot know the type of interaction which is occurring between the two Forms.If the real or ideal forms are eternal, pure and unchanging then how do they come to to the material objections or Forms on earth with all their physical imperfections? This participation or imitation link between the real and the imaginary (which Plato claimed existed) is erroneous mentation as no one can/has established such a link real o r otherwise. And even if a link is established it fails to inform all the Forms in the material world. At some point Plato fails to formulate how this greater Form was controlled- how can Form control things?Was there energy in Forms? Aristotles assumption of the Theory of Forms was intimately integrated with his belief that we develop some type of biological and scientific wisdom of a primary shopping centre (be it plant, animal, rock, etc) only when we know what are usually called its causes. The Greek word, aitia, which is translated as causes, is probably better rendered as that which explains. What that means is that our knowledge of something only occurs once we have find why the thing is there and what its uses are (the primitive scientific method).Thus, if the heart and soul of organism a humanoid includes being a biped, we are able to explain our two legs by appeal to the form of humanness which is in us. So knowledge of the form or essence is in effect knowledge o f the things causes, of what explains why it is what it is. In this way Aristotles theory of knowledge was integrated with his metaphysics or scientific method. Thus, if the essence of being a humanoid includes being a biped, we are able to explain our two legs by appeal to the form of humanness which is in us. So knowledge of the form or essence is in effect knowledge of the things causes, of what explains why it is what it is.In this way Aristotles theory of knowledge was integrated with his metaphysics or scientific method. Plato postulated that once the man rose above their physical environment, they would bring in the Forms which were present in the invisible world. Whether he meant this would occur after death or during life remains a mystery. Aristotle on the other hand believed that everything was right here on earth and one could find the Form if one developed a scientific method to apprehend it . I believe the Forms which Plato believed in were not real.He claims that wh at we see on earth are mimics of the real thing, only with a lot of imperfections. In his emblem of the Cave, outlined in The Republic, he called mimics artificial replicas of the real thing. In real life all that is seen is an illusion (smoke) of the real thing. On the other hand, Aristotle believed that our natural world itself was real and physical. Aristotle, having studied some biological and physical phenomenon during his work as a teacher, came to understand that our world was made up of many natural Forms, even though not all of the Forms were ideal, pure or perfect.He argued that with our sense(s) we could identify all the natural Forms on earth. The big question which Aristotle and everyone else asked closely Platos theory of Forms was what are the two separate realms and what do they mean and how do they explain life as it is? No matter how one analyses Platos theory, I would argue it scarcely fails to explain our physical world, its evolution and the order of things. Why some things are permanent remains a central question in his philosophy. How was the knowledge about our own world derived from the ideal Forms?One can understand that genetic traits can be principaled on to future generations of humans and animals, but how does this information pass on to inanimate objects like the stone, rock, sand or water? How could these physical properties with no Brain understand the ideal world? I can understand that perhaps some humans may have ESP and perceive (with a lot of good luck) the past or the future, but how can a rock know that it was a rock in the ideal world first and now is a manifestation of the rock in our world?

Professional practice in childrens care Essay

Understand values, principles and statutory frameworks that underpin process provision in childrens c atomic number 18, learning and development. 1.1 Analyse how values, principles and statutory frameworks underpin service provision in childrens c are, learning and development in UK home nation. Define values, principles and statutory frameworks. Explain the similarities and differences between them. Why are they important in your background knowledge Where are they written down How are they communicated to staff, parents What are advantages and disadvantages From my analysis. Word count 600 750 Section B 145 study Outcome 1 Understand principles of passe-partout development. Explain the importance of continually improving knowledge and practice. Analyse potential barriers to professional development. Compare the use of different sources and systems of support for professional development. Explain factors to think when selecting opportunities and activities for keeping knowledge and practice up to date.Report on professional practice Why is cpd important What are the barriers to cpd What are the different issues and problems Why are there barriers real/perceived Why do you need to overcome potential barriers From my analysis Compare a number of systems and sources of support you have apply for cpd. What factors do you take into account when selecting opportunities and activities for cpd Word count 600 750 words Section C 145 Learning Outcome 4 Be able to improve performance through reflective practice. 4.1 Compare models of reflective practice. 4.2 Explain the importance of reflective practice to improve performance.4.3 Use reflective practice and feedback from others to improve performance. 141 Learning Outcome 4 Be able to engage others in reflective practice. 4.1 Analyse the use of models of reflective practice in own setting. 4.3 Contribute to a culture that nurtures reflective practice. Explain importance of reflective practice .in improving perform ance. Set out a table comparing a minimum of 3 models of reflective practice. Analyse how you currently use models of reflective practice in own setting. What are the strengths and areas for improvement of reflective practice in your setting What similarities are there to any of the models you have discussed.

Internet Research Essay

1. In 1998, Carl P. Schmertmann, Adansi A. Amankwaa, and Robert D. Long wrote an article in an academic journal describeed Three Strikes and Youre turn up Demographic Analysis of obligatory Prison Sentencing. Please write out the third sentence of the article. Popularly known as Three Strikes and Youre Out (3X), these new rules mandate ache sentences without parole for those convicted of a third or higher-order felony. Source JSTOR, Demography, Vol. 35, No. 4 (Nov. , 1998), pp. 445-463 2. The Washington Post publishes D. C.Animal Watch, which reports animal cases received by the Washington kind-hearted Society and the D. C. Animal Control Division. According to the September 4, 2003, edition of D. C. Animal Watch, what happened at Bangor St. SE, 1400 block? A woman reported that a male champion had tied her cat with a rope so it could not jump onto a babys bed. She said the cat was choking and she was afraid to unwrap the rope. When a Humane Society officer arrived, the cat h ad been untied. Source The Washington Post, September 4, 2003 edition of D. C. Animal Watch 3. On Feb. 18, 1987, Anne C.Roark wrote an article in The Los Angeles multiplication about Donald furthers claim to have identified a poem as one of Shakespeares. Whats the name of the article? And, according to the article, where does Foster teach? Article name Bards Sonnets A Mystery at Long Last Resolved? Foster taught at Vassar Source Los Angeles Times, February, 18, 1987 4. What is the call be for Giovanni Boccaccios book called Decameron? (Please choose the 1986 circulating copy) FIC BOCCACCIO, G. 5. What is the call number for Milan Kunderas book The Unbearable Lightness of Being?(Please choose the 1984 entry. ) FIC KUNDERA, M. 6. What is the call number for the Guinness populace Records? (Choose the most recent edition. ) 031. 02 M257 7. How many people live in the Marshall Islands? (Your information must be currentnothing before 2003. ) You force try NVCCs Best of the Web, which will link to the recently-updated CIA World Factbook. 61,815 (July 2007 est. ) Source CIA World Fact Book, https//www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rm. html 8. Julian Bond is a efficacy member in the History Department at the University of Virginia.Where and when did he receive his Bachelors degree? Moreho drug abuse, 1971 Source University of Virginia web aim http//www. virginia. edu/history/faculty/bond. html 9. On July 17, 2003, the National Highway and Transportation Safety Administration (NHTSA) released its highway fatality statistics (in the form of a press release). According to the NHTSA, how many fatalities were alcohol-related in 2002? You must pose the report itself. 41 percent of the total with 17, 419 deaths Source Press Releases, NHTSA website http//www. nhtsa. dot. gov/portal/site/nhtsa/template.MAXIMIZE/menuitem. f2217bee37fb302f6d7c121046108a0c/? javax. portlet. tpst=1e51531b2220b0f8ea14201046108a0c_ws_MX&javax. portlet. prp_1e51531b2220 b0f8ea14201046108a0c_viewID=detail_view&itemID=979ffd08cccaff00VgnVCM1000002c567798RCRD&pressReleaseYearSelect=2003 10. According the American Kennel Club, what should a Mastiffs disposal be like? (Copy and paste the entire description. ) A combination of grandeur and good nature, courage and docility. Dignity, rather than gaiety, is the Mastiffs correct demeanor. Judges should not overlook shyness or viciousness.Conversely, judges should also beware of putting a premium on showiness. Works Cited Marshall Islands. Retrieved November 2, 2007 from the Central Intelligence Agency World Fact Book website https//www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rm. html. Roark, Anne C. (1987, February 18). Bards Sonnets A Mystery at Long Last Resolved?. Los Angeles Times, p. Metro Desk 1. Schmertmann, Carl P. , Amankwaa, Adansi A. and Long, Robert D. (November, 1998). Three Strikes and Youre Out Demographic Analysis of Mandatory Prison Sentencing.Demography, 354, 445-463. Resea rch Facts Find the answers to the following questions. For each item, list the answer and the source that you used to find it (no essential to provide a full Works Cited entry). Then, in one or two sentences, explain how reliable you think that source is. Since you will probably use Internet-based sources, consider how objective, current, and credible each site is. For this exercise, you do not need to choose high-quality sites you simply need to explain why you believe each site is or isnt reliable.1. What country has the smallest population? Vatican City, population 920 Source World Atlas web site http//worldatlas. com/aatlas/populations/ctypopls. htm The site is run by Graphic Maps, dba the Woolwine-Moen base and while they claim to be as accurate as possible, they do admit there is a margin of error. Most likely, the statistics presented are accurate. 2. What country has the lowest literacy rate? What about the highest? Lowest is Burkina Faso, highest is Cameroon, United Repu blic.Source SIL International website http//www.sil.org/lingualinks/literacy/PrepareForALiteracyProgram/CountriesWithTheLowestRatesOfL.htm

An Analysis of Toyota’s Strategic Procurement and Supply Chain Management

Purchasing & Materials circumspection Strategic procural & furnish set up Management Introduction The topic occupyed is (Strategic Procurement & Supply Chain Management). For this hire, we set out selected Toyota Motor connections as our family of choice. Toyota is with pop doubt the exceed in the world, with its many philosophies and principles on how to make the best out of the least JIT, lean end crossway and elimination of ravage and the propensity for unremitting improvement ar just a few ways how Toyota has become the best in the auto industry.Toyota as a name, a company, and as a instigant has become synonymous with Quality. At the heart of its success, lie family entertains that fill been passed down a average that has become the Organizational nicety of Toyota The Quest for Excellence, and The Passion to Lead. Toyotas achievement of goodness stems from implementing lean wargon, or which they refer to as The Toyota Way. The most telescopic product of T oyotas gather up for excellence is its manufacturing philosophy, called the Toyota Production System (TPS).We endure selected to apply this topic to Toyota, because to perfect their way of lean production, they naturalise on it from the understructure i. e. their suppliers, and purchasing strategy. Scope of intent Analyzing the strategies of Toyota, and how they implement it in their purchasing and procurement form _or_ system of government. in any case, analyzing how Toyota selects it suppliers and what selection butt champion and only(a)s do they go finished and also conducting an psychoanalysis of Toyotas release chain and its ply chain management. Limitations This study was really difficult to attain, as personal interviews or nteractions with Toyotas direct employees was beyond our budgets to conduct. This study is a pass of hard effect and vast internet and textual or written research from much than ten websites and terce books. Also, the study of Toyota w as too large and very(prenominal) difficult to summarize into the limit requirements of this paper. Company Background The Toyota Motor Co. Ltd was first established in 1937 as a spin-off from Toyoda robotic Loom Works, peerless of the worlds leading manufacturers of weaving machinery. The Toyoda Automatic Loom Works was then headed by Japans King of Inventors Sakichi Toyoda.The patent rights to one of his machines had been sold to Platt Brothers (UK) and provided the fol scurvy finishedd-money for the training and test- imageing of Toyotas first automobiles. August 2007 marked the 70th anniversary of TMC. The mature company founded by Kiichiro Toyoda, Sakichis son, has since blossomed into the leader that it is today. In 1950 the company experienced its one and lonesome(prenominal) strike. Labour and management emerged from this stoppage steadfastly committed to the principles of unwashed self-assurance and dependence, and that corporate philosophy still designates T0 oyotas branch today.Production schemas were improved in the late 1950s, culminating in the establishment of the Toyota Production System. It became cognize as TPS in 1970 just now was established much earlier by Taiichi Ohno. Based on the principles of Jidoka, Just-in-time and Kaizen, the system is a major factor in the dec effstock of inventories and defects in the plants of Toyota and its suppliers, and it underpins all of Toyotas operations across the World. Toyota launched its first weensy political machine (SA Model) in 1947.Production of fomites outside Japan began in 1959 at a small plant in Brazil, and go on with a evolution network of overseas plants. Toyota believes in localizing its operations to provide customers with the products they need where they need them this philosophy builds mutually near long relationships with local suppliers and helps the company fulfill its commitments to local labour. Over and above manufacturing, Toyota also has a world(a) ne twork of design and Research and Development facilities, embracing the three major car food marketplaces of Japan, northeasterly America and Europe.In every community in which the company operates, Toyota strives to be a responsible corporate citizen rigorous relationships with people and organizations in the local community ar essential contri hardlyors to mutual prosperity. Across the world, Toyota dowryicipates enthusiastically in community activities ranging from the sponsorship of educational and cultural programmes to international exchange and research. Toyota has the fastest product development process in the world. New cars and trucks pass on 12 months or less to design, while competitors typically require two to three years.Toyota is benchmarked as the best in class by all of its peers and competitors throughout the world for high woodland, high productivity, manufacturing speed, and flexibility. Toyota automobiles have consistently been at the top of quality ranki ngs. Strategic abridgment To better understand a firm and its placement of its strategies, we must conduct an analysis of factors that might affect its selection of strategies. SWOT synopsis Strengths * Toyota Motor Corporation is the worlds largest vehicle manufacturer by production and sales. * Toyota is best known for environmentally safe, quality, relipower, dur energy and value for money. Toyotas Camry and Corolla have been the top-selling cars in their value categories in the past cardinal out of nine years. Also, Toyota fathers the globes best selling hybrid car, the Prius which by 2010 had surpassed two million sales worldwide. * steadfast distribution and marketing efforts cerebrate on meeting diverse needs, high quality sales and services, and close involvement with customers. * Low cost, high quality manufacturing plant operations guided by just in time. * Toyota maintains long-term voxnerships with suppliers, and strategic partners. Toyota holds the belligeren t edge of beingness the undisputed quality leader in self-propelled marketing. * Strong brand equity. * alter product portfolio (Lexus, Daihatsu, Hino) leading to increasing customer base. * Toyotas success allows it to invest heavily in Research and Development and in the future. Weaknesses * From the last quarter of 2009 through to the 1st quarter of 2010, Toyota had recalled more than 8 million cars and trucks globally in numerous recall campaigns, and temporarily stopped production and sales. * Toyota was badly hit by the 2008 monetary crisis, and decl ard its first annual loss in its 70 years history. Toyota does non have detailed customer segmentation * Customers ar not involved in the process. * Toyota places a very high level of responsibility on employee shoulders. * After the 2009-2010 recall crisis, Toyota was criticized for not having or employing enough PR staff, and that it was not able to manage its Customer Relations. Opportunities * Joint ventures with French motoring companies Peugeot and Citroen has provided various opportunities for the company to produce cars in France. * north Ameri sess consumers have shifted to more fuel-efficient and high quality products of the European and Japanese automakers. Produce fuel-efficient, higher quality and smaller automobiles that give the axe attract the consumers in developing and sorry countries. * There is a growing demand for hybrid electric cars. Threats * Rising oil prices and other car maintenance costs, leading to decrease in car ownership. * boost from governments and pressure from environmentalists to consider to more environmental friendly methods of transportation (e. g. cycling and public transportation) * Escalating competition in the low priced car market by the entrance of several unex considerabledly industrialized countries. Continuing trade frictions due to trade imbalances between Japan and other countries and the lack in openness of the Japanese market to import. * Decl ining economic growth on a global scale. * Major producers, including the Big Three of U. S (G. M, Ford and Chrysler) offered significant discounts across their lineups. PESTLE Analysis Political The auto-industry is being pushed into a socio-politico-economic corner. Carmakers ar regularly being restricted with peeled laws or policies or requirements that they must adhere to. Toyota likewise is linked close to the policies of the government.Not only this, but emerge countries, that are keen to develop an auto sector are putting political pressure on Toyota, so as to protect it and develop it. sparing Toyota Company is a pillar company in the auto mobile byplay, a flag of economic progress. The Toyota Company has been a center field company, a erratic phenomenon, which has dominated the twentieth century. However, the automobile industry, including Toyota Company has suffered a series of structural problems and has become riddled with contradictions and economic discontinuit ies including the recent financial crisis. SocialAs part of the development in self-propelled industry, the Toyota Company actually affects the society as a whole. It employs millions of people directly, and tens of millions others indirectly. Its products have transformed society, bringing unbelievable levels of mobility and ever-changing the ways people live and work. Nearly since its startup, Toyota has been a model of social discipline, control and improvement and it is not just the auto sector, where it has left a mark. Toyota is considered a role model in millions of organizations and institutions worldwide. It has with its culture been the example that professors use in every job school.Technological Toyota works on a brilliant scale and has such(prenominal) a vast act upon that it is impossible to miss. callable to continuous improvement in demands, the level of technology that Toyota has to implement is increasing, and this adds to the challenges of heavy investment b urdens on its R&D, and increases its uncertainties and risks in developing the technologies. Technologically, the automotive industry is becoming increasingly competitive. Legal Toyota is subject to a multitude of rules and regulations, as well as laws and legislations of a more legal nature.These laws and legislations cover areas such as competition law, intellectual billet law, taxation, consumer protection law and emissions. Environmental Transportation through automobiles consumes a lot of the cosmoss precious resources. Also to include as environmental issues are the network of roads that are made for the running of automobiles. The forests or ecosystems that are finished to make those roads are also environmental issues. Also, the line of oil as a usage of fuel all are environmental costs. other environmental cost is the extraction of raw materials that go into the making of these automobiles.Indirectly the automotive industry brings people congestion, pollution, traffic accidents and fatalities and a wave of other environmental troubles. Due to this, Toyota needed to establish R&D centres to take advantage of research infrastructure, human capital and technical and technological knowledge, so they can develop vehicles to carry through the requirements of the environmental and safety regulations more effectively. Toyotas Core Competencies Toyota has several force competencies which they could utilize to gain gain advantage over their competitors. In January of 2009, Toyota overtook the U.S. auto hulk General Motors, to become the market leader in the automotive industry. one(a) core competency of Toyota is their brand management. The strength of their automotive marketing has been such that their brand is known even in the move of the world where cars are not the usual medium of transportation. Another core competency is their supply chain management, which shows their ability to maintain a becalm stream of raw material coming in for producti on, because of their long-term good relationships with their steel, glass, plastics and other raw material suppliers.Another thing that forms part of their core competencies is their highly twinned logistics system, which is outsourced and leads to excellent inventory management and always on schedule production activities. Another major core competency of Toyota is their ability at the moving fictionalisation line. Not only this The Toyota Way of lean production, its JIT and TQM approach all are part of its core competencies. Being the pioneer of such mass production and waste elimination system, they were able to get ahead of the competitors manufacturing process-wise and were also able to save on cost and time.Yet another core competency is Toyotas focusing on its product development technology under a single product- cultivation-management program through standardizing and incorporating them thus highlighting Toyotas work and effort on the development of sustainable production , and their commitment to perform environmentally. Toyota and its suppliers Toyota has basically 14 management principles, which combine to make The Toyota Way. Of those 14 principles, Principle 11 states that Respect your Extended web of Partners and Suppliers by Challenging Them and Helping Them Improve.This is merely a small sentence, but is more than enough to illustrate the splendour of its suppliers to Toyota, and how it sees them as strategic partners and a part of its organization. Toyota in its early days was very small, and didnt have a lot of business or production. It didnt have the resources, capital or equipment to design and make the myriad of components that go into the making of a car. Toyotas offer to its suppliers was small. It was the opportunity for all partners to grow the business together and mutually utility in the long term.So, like the associates who work inside Toyota, suppliers became part of the extended family who grew and learned the Toyota Product ion System. Even when Toyota became a global powerhouse, it maintained its supplier partnerships. One way that Toyota has honed its skills in applying TPS is by working on projects with suppliers. Toyota needs its suppliers to be as capable as its own plants at building and delivering high-quality components just in time. Moreover, Toyota cannot cut costs unless suppliers cut costs, lest Toyota simply push cost reductions onto suppliers, which is not the Toyota Way.Since Toyota does not view parts as commodities to be sourced on the market through open bidding, it is critical that it works with highly capable suppliers that are liveing TPS or an equivalent system. Toyotas purchasing discussion section has its own quality and TPS experts to work with suppliers when there are problems. Toyota pays awake attention to its suppliers and their performance. It provides ample hands-on supporter and monitoring to avoid problems or in the flake of an occurrence of a problem, to reverse it as soon as possible.If problems do occur, Toyota sends a team of its experts to address the problem and to create the action plan. Whereas other companies would threaten problem suppliersFix the problems or we bequeath drop youToyota nurses them out of their sickness in a very holistic way. There are several advantages for Toyota in treating suppliers as strategic partners or part of the Toyota family. First of all Toyotas JIT system is a practiced specimen, of how important and beneficial supplier relationships sincerely are. This system would have never been truly effective if palmy integration with suppliers had not taken place.Parts and components arrive just when they are needed and hence Toyota saves on terminal and warehouse costs. Toyotas suppliers are integral to the just-in-time philosophy, twain when it is working smoothly and when there is a breakdown in the system. Toyota also saves money on its logistics, and this as well roots from careful integration with s uppliers. Also the TQM system of Toyota can be traced back to Toyotas supply chain management. Toyota outsources almost 70% of the components that go into its cars, and it maintains close relationships with its key suppliers, so as to procure quality parts and components.Toyota has been rewarded time and time again for its serious investment in building a network of highly capable suppliers that is truly integrated into Toyotas extended lean enterprise. Much of the award winning quality that distinguishes Toyota and Lexus results from the excellence in innovation, engineering, manufacture, and boilersuit reliability of Toyotas suppliers. Toyotas Purchasing Strategy Toyotas Purchasing/Procurement Policy The ultimate objective of Toyota is to produce vehicles that fully satisfy the customer.To this end, Toyota has create three basic principles that guide its relationship with suppliers with a view to optimizing its purchases in a global context. These principles are the following i) Fair competition based on an open door policy Toyota is open to any latent supplier, regardless of nationality, size or whether this company is a first-time supplier or not. Toyotas co-operation with suppliers is only based on business considerations, which include an assessment of the overall economic and technological capacities of the potential supplier.Critical parameters of this evaluation are quality, cost, technological capabilities and reliability regarding the on-time delivery of the needful quantities of inputs, as well as the entrepreneurs ability to implement a kaizen strategy, which means the continued improvement and enhancement of products, services and management. ii) Mutual make headway based on mutual trust Toyota believes in developing mutually beneficial, long-term relationships with suppliers based on trust and confidence. Close and wide-ranging communication with them is considered a key factor in building and maintaining trust. ii) Contribution to local e conomic development through localization and good corporate governance As part of the on-going globalisation efforts, Toyota is relocating a larger part of its production to other countries. It is its objective to contribute to the host countrys economic development in line with Toyotas market straw man by purchasing parts and other inputs from local suppliers. This is a Flowchart of the Toyotas Purchasing Process Toyotas Supply Chain Management Toyotas Supplier Consideration and the Selection Process At Toyota, choosing a supplier is a long, drawn-out process that involves erifying whether the supplier will mesh with the supply network. In some cases, suppliers are selected because they have innovations that improve processes or decrease costs. Both new and existing suppliers are expected to handle their innovations with other suppliers that supply resembling products. As a basic rule, Toyota expects its suppliers to excel in quality, cost, delivery, and engineering, including technology, and management. These are the five key areas that shape competitive entrepreneurs and make them palmy in a competitive environment.Thus, Toyota requires suppliers to maintain consistently high quality levels which can be measured in terms of the number of defect parts per million. In addition, suppliers need to build and to maintain a strong position regarding unique designs or special technologies, while being cost- competitive. They also need to follow and to monitor trends in info technology and be able to harmoniously amalgamate state-of-the-art technology with their business organization. It is often necessary that potential suppliers submit to a preparatory process before entering a business partnership with Toyota.During this period, the management should attach particular emphasis on the following issues * Encouragement of an enterprise culture of creativity, continuous learning and improvement * Particular attention on R & D, which should go beyond technologi cal issues to include an analysis of both customers needs and competitors competitive potential * Improvement of employees satisfaction in order to promote creativity and strengthen organizational development * Strengthening the management information system to help executives to take informed and effective decisions.Toyota views new suppliers cautiously and gives only very small orders. They must prove their sincerity and commitment to Toyotas high performance standards for quality, cost, and delivery. If they gift this for early orders, they will get increasingly larger orders. Toyota will teach them the Toyota Way and adopt them into the family. This is a model of what Toyota expects from its suppliers. Toyotas suppliers have to show excellence in areas that Toyota sees as critical. These areas are cost, delivery, engineering, management and quality.Toyotas philosophy is that suppliers have to excel in these areas if they wish to stand out amongst other suppliers and to be succe ssful with global competitiveness Tiered Supplier Organizations Toyota like many auto carmakers is a network of suppliers. Tier 1 suppliers are Toyotas direct suppliers, which is followed by Tier 2 suppliers and so on. Lastly, there are the Tier 4 suppliers. These are generally small in size, but are critical to the suppliers that are supplying Toyota. Toyota, to maintain the smooth flow in its supply chain, even handles when problem exist in these Tiers.An example of this can be a berth in which a government regulation required a change in antirust coatings. More than 4,000 parts were impacted by this change, but there were only a small number of suppliers that supplied the coating materials. Thus, Toyota was able to focus attention on a few suppliers to develop the new coating materials to be provided to suppliers that surface the 4,000 parts. Working with these lower-tier suppliers was the key to making the necessary changes in a timely and efficient manner. Toyota aims suppli ers across multiple tiers so as to guarantee availability of ripe solutions across the supply chain.Pressure on Suppliers to Perform Toyotas suppliers are always at their toes. They do not get self-complacent or feel that they can ease-out, even if they are considered as Toyotas trusted suppliers and have been supplying Toyota quality materials for a number of years. Even suppliers who have acquired long-term contracts from Toyota, for supplying proper(postnominal) components for a model or set of models have to prove that they are worth the trust to have been given the contract. other they would jeopardize their opportunity of continue as Toyotas suppliers or risk not acquiring such a contract in future models.The discretion of Toyotas Supplier family Toyotas suppliers suggest that Toyotas processes have a few characteristics that enable their success, namely * Pervasive collaboration tools that have common standards and are compatible with one another * Visibility and visua l control not fogged by analysis * Trust to share intellectual property without fear of abuse * modular view of teams and processes and flexible planning to keep goals aligned with customer needs * Encouragement of teams as a vehicle to knead problems Assisting and Helping SuppliersA key consume of Toyotas supply chain is the automakers role in supplier capability development. This point has already been turn to earlier in this project, how Toyota provides assistance to its suppliers and helps them learn. Supplier Location Decisions Toyotas planning for convention plant sites assumes that most suppliers will be located at a reasonable distance from the assembly plant and that their delivery schedules will permit efficient operation of the assembly plant to produce vehicles based on the last-place vehicle mix and sequence.The low lot sizes of assembly plant parts orders imply that suppliers need to be located close to the assembly plant. Many suppliers choose to be located close to an assembly plant. In Japan, 85 percent of the volume comes from suppliers located in spite of appearance a 50-mile radius of a plant (i. e. , within a one-hour drive). In North America and Europe, the goal is for 80 percent of the parts to be delivered within three to five days lead time. The Toyota stooge Value System The Toyota fall guy Value System is a complex system that is continuously applied in Toyota-supplier relationships.Under this system, Toyota and a supplier agree on a number of long-term issues and objectives to strengthen the suppliers competitiveness. In the course of intense consultations, the long-range objectives are scaled down to annual targets, the questionable target values. On this basis, the supplier undertakes appropriate steps and measures to reach these goals as agreed. Progress is regularly evaluated in terms of organization, effort and achievement and the assessment is communicated to the supplier. Suppliers that succeed in elevation their le vels of competitiveness receive awards.In case suppliers experience difficulties in their efforts to attain the agreed targets, Toyota provides expertise to analyze the problems and to design measures to remedy the situation. The continuing circle of improvement, attainment and further improvement enables suppliers to improve their competitive edge, while laying the foundation for a stable and long-term business relationship with Toyota, as well as for a broadened range of business opportunities. This long-term approach also helps to overcome problems emanating from economic recession and turmoil.Environmentally-Friendly Products Based on Green Procurement In order to produce environmentally-friendly products, Toyota aims to procure parts, materials and equipment that have low environmental impact from suppliers that always give sufficient consideration to the environment. Toyotas Supplier Strategies Strengths and Weaknesses Strengths Suppliers are considered part of Toyotas value chain. Having strong relationships with partners provides Toyota with certain advantages. Its lean production methods are directly integrated with the efficiency of suppliers.The advantages that Toyota acquires of its supplier strategies include the inventory that Toyota receives JIT from its suppliers. Toyotas suppliers work hand in hand with Toyota to improve processes and the quality of its products. These supplier strategies also help Toyota shed its costs. The work that Toyota has done with its suppliers has helped the suppliers in eliminating waste from their grinder floors shedding cost and acquiring the best out of the least. All these savings and reductions in costs are passed on to Toyota as low priced high quality parts and components.These supplier strategies have also increased Toyotas quality, and have decreased defects to a bare minimum. Another visible advantage of Toyotas supplier strategies is that the company has decreased its time-to-market for its new or devel oping products. Suppliers respect Toyota and share common interests and mutual benefits with Toyota. These strong ties also help improve Toyotas cleverness on the occurrence of problems and avoiding them, as it goes beyond just handling its direct suppliers in fact it also deals with its Tier 2, Tier 3 and Tier 4 suppliers.Also, Toyotas decision to select most of its suppliers that are geographically located near to it, also helps solve logistics problem and brings a large reduction in the cost of transporting the parts or components to its plants. Weaknesses (Toyota has a very studied and planned organizational structure. Its departments are perfectly set and planned. We as students did not have the ample resources to conduct a study on the weaknesses of Toyota so what we mention here are just assumptions. ) Recent recalls that Toyota has suffered, have been to some extent blamed on its suppliers and Toyotas Supplier Management.There is a wide speculation that since Toyota, after overtaking GM as the largest auto manufacturer set its goal to increase its market share from 11% to 15%. Due to this Toyota lost sight of its core philosophies, and grew complacent in its supplier selection process. Thus, summarizing that Toyota is only as good as its network of suppliers. Denso, a core supplier of Toyota, which conducts more than 30% of its business with Toyota is said to be somewhat frustrated with the closeness that Toyota maintains with it. This is due to the reason being that Denso also supplies to other customers which are also car manufacturers.These customers are namely Honda, Nissan and Mazda etc. and are considered by Toyota as its main competitors especially Honda and Nissan. These deviating relationships might perhaps hurt or damage Toyota in the long run if corrective measures are not taken. Also, some suppliers complain that although Toyota is their best customer, it doesnt let go of its bargaining power sum that Toyota keeps an upper hand over ev erything. It can also be argued that having low inventories, if not managed well can cause problems in the production line.Corrective Actions Required designed how Toyota works, if these problems come into existence Toyota will have a carefully planned approach to solving them. To begin with Toyota would first get through the problem and see the comparability between the current and the ideal or required state. Then as second step, it would grasp the actual situation and see the gaps, which have caused the problem to occur. A third step would be to break down the problem and set targets to correct them bit by bit. Finally, it would conduct an analysis of the underlying causes.What Toyota should do to go on the problems mentioned in the (Weaknesses) section above is that Toyota must improve its supplier management process and make some corrections to its supply chain. Conclusion Japanese carmakers have always been considered the benchmarks in their industry, and Toyota is the best among the Japanese car manufacturers, establishing it as the benchmark of benchmarks. Toyota has excellence embedded deep in its core and has helped and developed its suppliers to do the same, by integrating and applying a scope of mutual learning and development.Fun Fact As a full stop to this project, we would leave you with a fun fact to withdraw over. Today, Toyota is the worlds largest manufacturer of automobiles in unit sales and in net sales. It is by far the largest Japanese automotive manufacturer, producing more than 10 million vehicles per year, equivalent to one every six seconds. In the time it has taken you to read this paragraph, Toyota would have produced at least another three or four cars Resources Books 1. TOYOTA SUPPLY orbit MANAGEMENT Ananth V. Iyer, Sridhar Seshadri and Roy Vasher 2.THE TOYOTA WAY 14 Management Principles from the Worlds Greatest Manufacturer Jefferey K. Liker 3. THE TOYOTA LEADERS An Executive Guide Masaaki Sato Online Resources and Websi tes 1. http//www. economist. com/ customer/15576506 2. www. toyota-industries. com 3. http//www. strategicsourceror. com/2011/04/toyota-supply-of-cars-will-be-impacted. hypertext markup language 4. www. toyota-global. com 5. http//blogs. gxs. com/morleym/2010/02/improving-visibility-across-toyota%E2%80%99s-supply-chain. html 6. http//thethrivingsmallbusiness. om/articles/what-can-we-learn-from-the-toyota-crisis/ 7. www. businessweek. com 8. http//www. toyota. co. nz 9. www. toyotasupplier. com 10. http//www. industryweek. com/articles/toyotas_real_secret_hint_its_not_tps_13432. aspx 11. http//www. autoweek. com/article/20060818/free/60816004 12. www. inc. com 13. http//www. businessweek. com/bwdaily/dnflash/content/jan2010/db20100128_907800. htm 14. http//www. bnet. com/blog/mba/lessoned-learned-from-toyotas-crisis/1939 15. http//findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m0KJI/is_10_118/ai_n27023150/An Analysis of Toyotas Strategic Procurement and Supply Chain ManagementPurchasing & Materials Management Strategic Procurement & Supply Chain Management Introduction The topic selected is (Strategic Procurement & Supply Chain Management). For this study, we have selected Toyota Motor Corporations as our company of choice. Toyota is without doubt the best in the world, with its many philosophies and principles on how to make the best out of the least JIT, lean production and elimination of waste and the desire for continuous improvement are just a few ways how Toyota has become the best in the auto industry.Toyota as a name, a company, and as a brand has become synonymous with Quality. At the heart of its success, lie family values that have been passed down a norm that has become the Organizational Culture of Toyota The Quest for Excellence, and The Passion to Lead. Toyotas achievement of excellence stems from implementing lean production, or which they refer to as The Toyota Way. The most visible product of Toyotas quest for excellence is its manufacturing philosophy, ca lled the Toyota Production System (TPS).We have selected to apply this topic to Toyota, because to perfect their way of lean production, they work on it from the root i. e. their suppliers, and purchasing strategy. Scope of Project Analyzing the strategies of Toyota, and how they implement it in their purchasing and procurement policy. Also, analyzing how Toyota selects it suppliers and what selection processes do they go through and also conducting an analysis of Toyotas supply chain and its supply chain management. Limitations This study was really difficult to attain, as personal interviews or nteractions with Toyotas direct employees was beyond our budgets to conduct. This study is a result of hard work and extensive internet and textual or written research from more than ten websites and three books. Also, the study of Toyota was too large and very difficult to summarize into the limited requirements of this paper. Company Background The Toyota Motor Co. Ltd was first establish ed in 1937 as a spin-off from Toyoda Automatic Loom Works, one of the worlds leading manufacturers of weaving machinery. The Toyoda Automatic Loom Works was then headed by Japans King of Inventors Sakichi Toyoda.The patent rights to one of his machines had been sold to Platt Brothers (UK) and provided the seed-money for the development and test-building of Toyotas first automobiles. August 2007 marked the 70th anniversary of TMC. The fledgling company founded by Kiichiro Toyoda, Sakichis son, has since blossomed into the leader that it is today. In 1950 the company experienced its one and only strike. Labour and management emerged from this stoppage firmly committed to the principles of mutual trust and dependence, and that corporate philosophy still guides T0oyotas growth today.Production systems were improved in the late 1950s, culminating in the establishment of the Toyota Production System. It became known as TPS in 1970 but was established much earlier by Taiichi Ohno. Based o n the principles of Jidoka, Just-in-time and Kaizen, the system is a major factor in the reduction of inventories and defects in the plants of Toyota and its suppliers, and it underpins all of Toyotas operations across the World. Toyota launched its first small car (SA Model) in 1947.Production of vehicles outside Japan began in 1959 at a small plant in Brazil, and continued with a growing network of overseas plants. Toyota believes in localizing its operations to provide customers with the products they need where they need them this philosophy builds mutually beneficial long-term relationships with local suppliers and helps the company fulfill its commitments to local labour. Over and above manufacturing, Toyota also has a global network of design and Research and Development facilities, embracing the three major car markets of Japan, North America and Europe.In every community in which the company operates, Toyota strives to be a responsible corporate citizen close relationships with people and organizations in the local community are essential contributors to mutual prosperity. Across the world, Toyota participates enthusiastically in community activities ranging from the sponsorship of educational and cultural programmes to international exchange and research. Toyota has the fastest product development process in the world. New cars and trucks take 12 months or less to design, while competitors typically require two to three years.Toyota is benchmarked as the best in class by all of its peers and competitors throughout the world for high quality, high productivity, manufacturing speed, and flexibility. Toyota automobiles have consistently been at the top of quality rankings. Strategic Analysis To better understand a firm and its placement of its strategies, we must conduct an analysis of factors that might affect its selection of strategies. SWOT Analysis Strengths * Toyota Motor Corporation is the worlds largest vehicle manufacturer by production and sal es. * Toyota is best known for environmentally safe, quality, reliability, durability and value for money. Toyotas Camry and Corolla have been the top-selling cars in their respected categories in the past eight out of nine years. Also, Toyota produces the globes best selling hybrid car, the Prius which by 2010 had surpassed two million sales worldwide. * Strong distribution and marketing efforts focused on meeting diverse needs, high quality sales and services, and close involvement with customers. * Low cost, high quality factory operations guided by just in time. * Toyota maintains long-term partnerships with suppliers, and strategic partners. Toyota holds the competitive edge of being the undisputed quality leader in automotive marketing. * Strong brand equity. * Diversified product portfolio (Lexus, Daihatsu, Hino) leading to increasing customer base. * Toyotas success allows it to invest heavily in Research and Development and in the future. Weaknesses * From the last quarter of 2009 through to the 1st quarter of 2010, Toyota had recalled more than 8 million cars and trucks globally in numerous recall campaigns, and temporarily stopped production and sales. * Toyota was badly hit by the 2008 financial crisis, and declared its first annual loss in its 70 years history. Toyota does not have detailed customer segmentation * Customers are not involved in the process. * Toyota places a very high level of responsibility on employee shoulders. * After the 2009-2010 recall crisis, Toyota was criticized for not having or employing enough PR staff, and that it was not able to manage its Customer Relations. Opportunities * Joint ventures with French motoring companies Peugeot and Citroen has provided various opportunities for the company to produce cars in France. * North American consumers have shifted to more fuel-efficient and higher quality products of the European and Japanese automakers. Produce fuel-efficient, higher quality and smaller automobiles that can attract the consumers in developing and poor countries. * There is a growing demand for hybrid electric cars. Threats * Rising oil prices and other car maintenance costs, leading to decrease in car ownership. * Encouragement from governments and pressure from environmentalists to turn to more environmental friendly methods of transportation (e. g. cycling and public transportation) * Escalating competition in the low priced car market by the entrance of several freshly industrialized countries. Continuing trade frictions due to trade imbalances between Japan and other countries and the lack in openness of the Japanese market to import. * Declining economic growth on a global scale. * Major producers, including the Big Three of U. S (G. M, Ford and Chrysler) offered significant discounts across their lineups. PESTLE Analysis Political The auto-industry is being pushed into a socio-politico-economic corner. Carmakers are regularly being restricted with new laws or policies or requir ements that they must adhere to. Toyota likewise is linked closely to the policies of the government.Not only this, but emerging countries, that are keen to develop an auto sector are putting political pressure on Toyota, so as to protect it and develop it. Economic Toyota Company is a pillar company in the auto mobile business, a flag of economic progress. The Toyota Company has been a core company, a unique phenomenon, which has dominated the twentieth century. However, the automobile industry, including Toyota Company has suffered a series of structural problems and has become riddled with contradictions and economic discontinuities including the recent financial crisis. SocialAs part of the development in automotive industry, the Toyota Company actually affects the society as a whole. It employs millions of people directly, and tens of millions others indirectly. Its products have transformed society, bringing unbelievable levels of mobility and changing the ways people live and work. Nearly since its startup, Toyota has been a model of social discipline, control and improvement and it is not just the auto sector, where it has left a mark. Toyota is considered a role model in millions of organizations and institutions worldwide. It has with its culture been the example that professors use in every business school.Technological Toyota works on a brilliant scale and has such a vast influence that it is impossible to miss. Due to continuous improvement in demands, the level of technology that Toyota has to implement is increasing, and this adds to the challenges of heavy investment burdens on its R&D, and increases its uncertainties and risks in developing the technologies. Technologically, the automotive industry is becoming increasingly competitive. Legal Toyota is subject to a multitude of rules and regulations, as well as laws and legislations of a more legal nature.These laws and legislations cover areas such as competition law, intellectual property law , taxation, consumer protection law and emissions. Environmental Transportation through automobiles consumes a lot of the earths precious resources. Also to include as environmental issues are the network of roads that are made for the running of automobiles. The forests or ecosystems that are destroyed to make those roads are also environmental issues. Also, the extraction of oil as a usage of fuel all are environmental costs. Another environmental cost is the extraction of raw materials that go into the making of these automobiles.Indirectly the automotive industry brings people congestion, pollution, traffic accidents and fatalities and a wave of other environmental troubles. Due to this, Toyota needed to establish R&D centres to take advantage of research infrastructure, human capital and technical and technological knowledge, so they can develop vehicles to satisfy the requirements of the environmental and safety regulations more effectively. Toyotas Core Competencies Toyota ha s several core competencies which they could utilize to further gain advantage over their competitors. In January of 2009, Toyota overtook the U.S. auto giant General Motors, to become the market leader in the automotive industry. One core competency of Toyota is their brand management. The strength of their automotive marketing has been such that their brand is known even in the parts of the world where cars are not the common medium of transportation. Another core competency is their supply chain management, which shows their ability to maintain a steady stream of raw material coming in for production, because of their long-term good relationships with their steel, glass, plastics and other raw material suppliers.Another thing that forms part of their core competencies is their highly coordinated logistics system, which is outsourced and leads to excellent inventory management and always on schedule production activities. Another major core competency of Toyota is their ability at the moving assembly line. Not only this The Toyota Way of lean production, its JIT and TQM approach all are part of its core competencies. Being the pioneer of such mass production and waste elimination system, they were able to get ahead of the competitors manufacturing process-wise and were also able to save on cost and time.Yet another core competency is Toyotas focusing on its product development technology under a single product-information-management program through standardizing and incorporating them thus highlighting Toyotas work and effort on the development of sustainable production, and their commitment to perform environmentally. Toyota and its suppliers Toyota has basically 14 management principles, which combine to make The Toyota Way. Of those 14 principles, Principle 11 states that Respect your Extended Network of Partners and Suppliers by Challenging Them and Helping Them Improve.This is merely a small sentence, but is more than enough to illustrate the importance of its suppliers to Toyota, and how it sees them as strategic partners and a part of its organization. Toyota in its early days was very small, and didnt have a lot of business or production. It didnt have the resources, capital or equipment to design and make the myriad of components that go into the making of a car. Toyotas offer to its suppliers was small. It was the opportunity for all partners to grow the business together and mutually benefit in the long term.So, like the associates who work inside Toyota, suppliers became part of the extended family who grew and learned the Toyota Production System. Even when Toyota became a global powerhouse, it maintained its supplier partnerships. One way that Toyota has honed its skills in applying TPS is by working on projects with suppliers. Toyota needs its suppliers to be as capable as its own plants at building and delivering high-quality components just in time. Moreover, Toyota cannot cut costs unless suppliers cut costs, lest Toy ota simply push cost reductions onto suppliers, which is not the Toyota Way.Since Toyota does not view parts as commodities to be sourced on the market through open bidding, it is critical that it works with highly capable suppliers that are following TPS or an equivalent system. Toyotas purchasing department has its own quality and TPS experts to work with suppliers when there are problems. Toyota pays careful attention to its suppliers and their performance. It provides ample hands-on assistance and monitoring to avoid problems or in the case of an occurrence of a problem, to correct it as soon as possible.If problems do occur, Toyota sends a team of its experts to address the problem and to create the action plan. Whereas other companies would threaten problem suppliersFix the problems or we will drop youToyota nurses them out of their sickness in a very holistic way. There are several advantages for Toyota in treating suppliers as strategic partners or part of the Toyota family. First of all Toyotas JIT system is a practiced specimen, of how important and beneficial supplier relationships truly are. This system would have never been truly effective if successful integration with suppliers had not taken place.Parts and components arrive just when they are needed and hence Toyota saves on storage and warehouse costs. Toyotas suppliers are integral to the just-in-time philosophy, both when it is working smoothly and when there is a breakdown in the system. Toyota also saves money on its logistics, and this as well roots from careful integration with suppliers. Also the TQM system of Toyota can be traced back to Toyotas supply chain management. Toyota outsources almost 70% of the components that go into its cars, and it maintains close relationships with its key suppliers, so as to procure quality parts and components.Toyota has been rewarded time and time again for its serious investment in building a network of highly capable suppliers that is truly integrat ed into Toyotas extended lean enterprise. Much of the award winning quality that distinguishes Toyota and Lexus results from the excellence in innovation, engineering, manufacture, and overall reliability of Toyotas suppliers. Toyotas Purchasing Strategy Toyotas Purchasing/Procurement Policy The ultimate objective of Toyota is to produce vehicles that fully satisfy the customer.To this end, Toyota has developed three basic principles that guide its relationship with suppliers with a view to optimizing its purchases in a global context. These principles are the following i) Fair competition based on an open door policy Toyota is open to any potential supplier, regardless of nationality, size or whether this company is a first-time supplier or not. Toyotas co-operation with suppliers is solely based on business considerations, which include an assessment of the overall economic and technological capacities of the potential supplier.Critical parameters of this evaluation are quality, c ost, technological capabilities and reliability regarding the on-time delivery of the required quantities of inputs, as well as the entrepreneurs ability to implement a kaizen strategy, which means the continued improvement and enhancement of products, services and management. ii) Mutual benefit based on mutual trust Toyota believes in developing mutually beneficial, long-term relationships with suppliers based on trust and confidence. Close and wide-ranging communication with them is considered a key factor in building and maintaining trust. ii) Contribution to local economic development through localization and good corporate governance As part of the on-going globalisation efforts, Toyota is relocating a larger part of its production to other countries. It is its objective to contribute to the host countrys economic development in line with Toyotas market presence by purchasing parts and other inputs from local suppliers. This is a Flowchart of the Toyotas Purchasing Process Toyo tas Supply Chain Management Toyotas Supplier Consideration and the Selection Process At Toyota, choosing a supplier is a long, drawn-out process that involves erifying whether the supplier will mesh with the supply network. In some cases, suppliers are selected because they have innovations that improve processes or decrease costs. Both new and existing suppliers are expected to share their innovations with other suppliers that supply similar products. As a basic rule, Toyota expects its suppliers to excel in quality, cost, delivery, and engineering, including technology, and management. These are the five key areas that shape competitive entrepreneurs and make them successful in a competitive environment.Thus, Toyota requires suppliers to maintain consistently high quality levels which can be measured in terms of the number of defect parts per million. In addition, suppliers need to build and to maintain a strong position regarding unique designs or special technologies, while bein g cost- competitive. They also need to follow and to monitor trends in information technology and be able to harmoniously amalgamate state-of-the-art technology with their business organization. It is often necessary that potential suppliers undergo a preparatory process before entering a business partnership with Toyota.During this period, the management should attach particular emphasis on the following issues * Encouragement of an enterprise culture of creativity, continuous learning and improvement * Particular attention on R & D, which should go beyond technological issues to include an analysis of both customers needs and competitors competitive potential * Improvement of employees satisfaction in order to promote creativity and strengthen organizational development * Strengthening the management information system to help executives to take informed and effective decisions.Toyota views new suppliers cautiously and gives only very small orders. They must prove their sincerity and commitment to Toyotas high performance standards for quality, cost, and delivery. If they demonstrate this for early orders, they will get increasingly larger orders. Toyota will teach them the Toyota Way and adopt them into the family. This is a model of what Toyota expects from its suppliers. Toyotas suppliers have to show excellence in areas that Toyota sees as critical. These areas are cost, delivery, engineering, management and quality.Toyotas philosophy is that suppliers have to excel in these areas if they wish to stand out amongst other suppliers and to be successful with global competitiveness Tiered Supplier Organizations Toyota like many auto carmakers is a network of suppliers. Tier 1 suppliers are Toyotas direct suppliers, which is followed by Tier 2 suppliers and so on. Lastly, there are the Tier 4 suppliers. These are generally small in size, but are critical to the suppliers that are supplying Toyota. Toyota, to maintain the smooth flow in its supply chain, even handles when problem exist in these Tiers.An example of this can be a situation in which a government regulation required a change in antirust coatings. More than 4,000 parts were impacted by this change, but there were only a small number of suppliers that supplied the coating materials. Thus, Toyota was able to focus attention on a few suppliers to develop the new coating materials to be provided to suppliers that coated the 4,000 parts. Working with these lower-tier suppliers was the key to making the necessary changes in a timely and efficient manner. Toyota chooses suppliers across multiple tiers so as to guarantee availability of innovative solutions across the supply chain.Pressure on Suppliers to Perform Toyotas suppliers are always at their toes. They do not get complacent or feel that they can ease-out, even if they are considered as Toyotas trusted suppliers and have been supplying Toyota quality materials for a number of years. Even suppliers who have acquired long-term contracts from Toyota, for supplying specific components for a model or set of models have to prove that they are worth the trust to have been given the contract. Otherwise they would jeopardize their opportunity of continuing as Toyotas suppliers or risk not acquiring such a contract in future models.The depth of Toyotas Supplier Relationship Toyotas suppliers suggest that Toyotas processes have a few characteristics that enable their success, namely * Pervasive collaboration tools that have common standards and are compatible with one another * Visibility and visual control not fogged by analysis * Trust to share intellectual property without fear of abuse * Modular view of teams and processes and flexible planning to keep goals aligned with customer needs * Encouragement of teams as a vehicle to solve problems Assisting and Helping SuppliersA key feature of Toyotas supply chain is the automakers role in supplier capability development. This point has already been addressed earlie r in this project, how Toyota provides assistance to its suppliers and helps them learn. Supplier Location Decisions Toyotas planning for assembly plant sites assumes that most suppliers will be located at a reasonable distance from the assembly plant and that their delivery schedules will permit efficient operation of the assembly plant to produce vehicles based on the final vehicle mix and sequence.The low lot sizes of assembly plant parts orders imply that suppliers need to be located close to the assembly plant. Many suppliers choose to be located close to an assembly plant. In Japan, 85 percent of the volume comes from suppliers located within a 50-mile radius of a plant (i. e. , within a one-hour drive). In North America and Europe, the goal is for 80 percent of the parts to be delivered within three to five days lead time. The Toyota Target Value System The Toyota Target Value System is a complex system that is continuously applied in Toyota-supplier relationships.Under this system, Toyota and a supplier agree on a number of long-term issues and objectives to strengthen the suppliers competitiveness. In the course of intense consultations, the long-range objectives are scaled down to annual targets, the so-called target values. On this basis, the supplier undertakes appropriate steps and measures to reach these goals as agreed. Progress is regularly evaluated in terms of organization, effort and achievement and the assessment is communicated to the supplier. Suppliers that succeed in raising their levels of competitiveness receive awards.In case suppliers experience difficulties in their efforts to attain the agreed targets, Toyota provides expertise to analyze the problems and to design measures to remedy the situation. The continuing circle of improvement, attainment and further improvement enables suppliers to improve their competitive edge, while laying the foundation for a stable and long-term business relationship with Toyota, as well as for a bro adened range of business opportunities. This long-term approach also helps to overcome problems emanating from economic recession and turmoil.Environmentally-Friendly Products Based on Green Procurement In order to produce environmentally-friendly products, Toyota aims to procure parts, materials and equipment that have low environmental impact from suppliers that always give sufficient consideration to the environment. Toyotas Supplier Strategies Strengths and Weaknesses Strengths Suppliers are considered part of Toyotas value chain. Having strong relationships with partners provides Toyota with certain advantages. Its lean production methods are directly integrated with the efficiency of suppliers.The advantages that Toyota acquires of its supplier strategies include the inventory that Toyota receives JIT from its suppliers. Toyotas suppliers work hand in hand with Toyota to improve processes and the quality of its products. These supplier strategies also help Toyota shed its cost s. The work that Toyota has done with its suppliers has helped the suppliers in eliminating waste from their factory floors shedding cost and getting the best out of the least. All these savings and reductions in costs are passed on to Toyota as low priced high quality parts and components.These supplier strategies have also increased Toyotas quality, and have decreased defects to a bare minimum. Another visible advantage of Toyotas supplier strategies is that the company has decreased its time-to-market for its new or developing products. Suppliers respect Toyota and share common interests and mutual benefits with Toyota. These strong ties also help improve Toyotas insight on the occurrence of problems and avoiding them, as it goes beyond just handling its direct suppliers in fact it also deals with its Tier 2, Tier 3 and Tier 4 suppliers.Also, Toyotas decision to select most of its suppliers that are geographically located near to it, also helps solve logistics problem and brings a large reduction in the cost of transporting the parts or components to its plants. Weaknesses (Toyota has a very studied and planned organizational structure. Its departments are perfectly set and planned. We as students did not have the ample resources to conduct a study on the weaknesses of Toyota so what we mention here are just assumptions. ) Recent recalls that Toyota has suffered, have been to some extent blamed on its suppliers and Toyotas Supplier Management.There is a wide speculation that since Toyota, after overtaking GM as the largest auto manufacturer set its goal to increase its market share from 11% to 15%. Due to this Toyota lost sight of its core philosophies, and grew complacent in its supplier selection process. Thus, summarizing that Toyota is only as good as its network of suppliers. Denso, a core supplier of Toyota, which conducts more than 30% of its business with Toyota is said to be somewhat frustrated with the closeness that Toyota maintains with it. Th is is due to the reason being that Denso also supplies to other customers which are also car manufacturers.These customers are namely Honda, Nissan and Mazda etc. and are considered by Toyota as its main competitors especially Honda and Nissan. These deviating relationships might possibly hurt or damage Toyota in the long run if corrective measures are not taken. Also, some suppliers complain that although Toyota is their best customer, it doesnt let go of its bargaining power meaning that Toyota keeps an upper hand over everything. It can also be argued that having low inventories, if not managed well can cause problems in the production line.Corrective Actions Required Knowing how Toyota works, if these problems come into existence Toyota will have a carefully planned approach to solving them. To begin with Toyota would first clarify the problem and see the comparison between the current and the ideal or required state. Then as second step, it would grasp the actual situation and see the gaps, which have caused the problem to occur. A third step would be to break down the problem and set targets to correct them bit by bit. Finally, it would conduct an analysis of the underlying causes.What Toyota should do to prevent the problems mentioned in the (Weaknesses) section above is that Toyota must improve its supplier management process and make some corrections to its supply chain. Conclusion Japanese carmakers have always been considered the benchmarks in their industry, and Toyota is the best among the Japanese car manufacturers, establishing it as the benchmark of benchmarks. Toyota has excellence embedded deep in its core and has helped and developed its suppliers to do the same, by integrating and applying a scope of mutual learning and development.Fun Fact As a full stop to this project, we would leave you with a fun fact to think over. Today, Toyota is the worlds largest manufacturer of automobiles in unit sales and in net sales. It is by far the largest Japanese automotive manufacturer, producing more than 10 million vehicles per year, equivalent to one every six seconds. In the time it has taken you to read this paragraph, Toyota would have produced at least another three or four cars Resources Books 1. TOYOTA SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT Ananth V. Iyer, Sridhar Seshadri and Roy Vasher 2.THE TOYOTA WAY 14 Management Principles from the Worlds Greatest Manufacturer Jefferey K. Liker 3. THE TOYOTA LEADERS An Executive Guide Masaaki Sato Online Resources and Websites 1. http//www. economist. com/node/15576506 2. www. toyota-industries. com 3. http//www. strategicsourceror. com/2011/04/toyota-supply-of-cars-will-be-impacted. html 4. www. toyota-global. com 5. http//blogs. gxs. com/morleym/2010/02/improving-visibility-across-toyota%E2%80%99s-supply-chain. html 6. http//thethrivingsmallbusiness. om/articles/what-can-we-learn-from-the-toyota-crisis/ 7. www. businessweek. com 8. http//www. toyota. co. nz 9. www. toyotasupplier. com 10. http/ /www. industryweek. com/articles/toyotas_real_secret_hint_its_not_tps_13432. aspx 11. http//www. autoweek. com/article/20060818/free/60816004 12. www. inc. com 13. http//www. businessweek. com/bwdaily/dnflash/content/jan2010/db20100128_907800. htm 14. http//www. bnet. com/blog/mba/lessoned-learned-from-toyotas-crisis/1939 15. http//findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m0KJI/is_10_118/ai_n27023150/